Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth

Suppalakpanya, Kittiphoom; Ratanawilai, Sukritthira; Tongurai, Chakrit

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.12.006

Cited by 76 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Thus, the yield decreased. Moreover, it increases cost of methanol recovery (Mohammed-Dabo et al 2012;Suppalakpanya et al 2010aSuppalakpanya et al , 2010bAtapour, Kariminia 2011). Our findings of obtaining the best yield of BD at lower methanol to oil molar ratio is a very important finding from an economical point of view due to it reduces cost of production.…”

Section: Influence Of Methanol To Oil Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 68%

“…This fuel can be produced through the catalytic transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with short chains alcohols (methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a suitable catalyst (Anastopoulos et al 2009;Cunha et al 2013;Dias et al 2009;Gürü et al 2009Gürü et al , 2010Ejikeme et al 2013;Birla et al 2012;Guan et al 2009;Chang et al 2013;Wyatt et al 2005;Nuhu, Kovo 2015). Various edible oils were used for BD production, such as rapeseed, sunflower, soybean and palm oils (Encinar et al 2010;Fadhil, Abdulahad 2014;Guzatto et al 2012;Suppalakpanya et al 2010aSuppalakpanya et al , 2010bCarvalho et al 2013;García et al 2011;Nehdi et al 2014;Zhang et al 2010;Reyero et al 2015). However, those oils are potential source of food for humankind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-Solvent Transesterification of Bitter Almond Oil Into Biodiesel: Optimization of Variables and Characterization of Biodiesel

Fadhil

Mohammed

2018

Transport

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Abstract. The influence of co-solvent on transesterification of one of non-edible feedstocks, Bitter Almond Oil (BAO) with methanol was investigated. Hexane and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were chosen as the co-solvent and the catalyst, respectively. The variables included in the optimization process were concentration of KOH, methanol to oil molar ratio, hexane to methanol volume ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, type of co-solvent and type of the alkali catalyst. BioDiesel (BD) with yield of 97.88 and 98.50 wt. % ester content were obtained using 0.60 wt. % KOH, 5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1:1 hexane to methanol volume ratio, 32 °C reaction temperature and 45 minutes of reaction. The Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) were used to ensure the conversion of BAO into BD. The fuel properties of the prepared BD were determined and found within the acceptable limits prescribed by ASTM D6751-15ce1 and EN 14214:2017. Moreover, properties of (biodiesel + petro-diesel) blends complied with the limits prescribed in the ASTM D7467-17 standards as well. It was concluded that the presence of co-solvent reduced the concentration of the catalyst, temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio and time required to produce maximum yield of BD comparing to non-solvent process. As a result, co-solvent transesterification is recommended for further application.

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Section: Influence Of Methanol To Oil Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Solvent Transesterification of Bitter Almond Oil Into Biodiesel: Optimization of Variables and Characterization of Biodiesel

Fadhil

Mohammed

2018

Transport

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“…Suppalakpanya and co-workers [33] investigated the production of ethyl ester from the esterified crude palm oil with 1.7 wt% FFA employing microwave heating. Optimum reaction parameters for the transesterification process have been identified: a molar ratio of oil to ethanol of 1:8.5, 1.5 wt% of KOH/oil, a reaction time of 5 min and a microwave power of 70 W. This research yielded 85 wt% and its ester content was 98.1 wt%; its fuel properties were within the limits prescribed by American standards for methyl ester.…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

Hoang

Bensaid

Saracco

2013

Green Processing and Synthesis

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Abstract:The synthesis of biodiesel has received attention as an alternative source of energy to decrease our dependence on petroleum-based fuels. The catalyzed processes present a series of limitations and drawbacks, among them the high energy required for complex purification and undesirable side reactions. Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is being proved an efficient approach compared to traditional methods for preparing biodiesel. This review illustrates the advances, advantages, and drawbacks involved in the use of all current biodiesel production technologies.Keywords: biodiesel; catalyst; non-catalytic; supercritical fluid; transesterification. List of abbreviationsBDF, biodiesel fuel; FA, fatty acid; FFA, free fatty acid; FAAE, fatty acid alkyl ester; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; FAEE, fatty acid ethyl

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“…These results demonstrated that the -SO 3 H groups in fresh catalysts leached out slowly during the reaction and the leaching out rate would be related to the starting raw materials of catalysts. It has been pointed out elsewhere that the leaching out of -SO 3 H groups was a common problem for sulfonated catalysts [25,26]. More efforts should be made to enhance the stability of -SO 3 H groups in future.…”

Section: Effect Of Reusability and Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Microwave-Sensitive Solid Acid Catalyst Prepared from Sweet Potato via a Simple Method

Chen

Cui

2016

Catalysts

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Abstract:In this study, a microwave-sensitive solid acid catalyst was successfully synthesized from sweet potatoes via a simple process.The catalyst was proven to have superior microwave-sensitive and homogeneous properties.The physicochemical properties were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental analysis (EA). Results showed that the total acid density and specific surface area for the catalyst were 6.35 mmol/g and 78.35 m 2 /g, respectively. The elemental sulfur content reached 7.449% after sulfonation and the catalytic activity could reach over 91% within 30 min with microwave power density of 1.0 W/mL. The catalytic reaction temperature should not exceed 200 • C, as shown in TGA curve, and the moisture content in the oil raw material should be within 1%-2%. The catalyst deactivated gradually to 64.38% after reutilization five times, but the catalytic activity could be simply regenerated by re-sulfonation, albeit slightly reduced (87.56%). The shift of diffraction peaks in the XRD patterns and new absorption peaks at 619.98 and 1190.49 cm −1 of FT-IR spectra demonstrated that the -SO 3 H group was effectively attached to the catalyst. The SEM images displayed a loose and porous amorphous structure in the end catalyst.

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Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth

Cited by 76 publications

References 16 publications

Co-Solvent Transesterification of Bitter Almond Oil Into Biodiesel: Optimization of Variables and Characterization of Biodiesel

Co-Solvent Transesterification of Bitter Almond Oil Into Biodiesel: Optimization of Variables and Characterization of Biodiesel

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

A Microwave-Sensitive Solid Acid Catalyst Prepared from Sweet Potato via a Simple Method

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