Production of ethyl levulinate by direct conversion of wheat straw in ethanol media

Chang, Chun; Xu, Guoqiang; Xiao-xian, Jiang

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.105

Cited by 137 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…When the reaction temperature was above 150 °C, ethyl levulinate yield began to decrease. This result suggested that higher temperature is unfavorable for alcoholysis of fructose to ethyl levulinate, which is in accordance with our previous report [14]. Moreover, more humins can be observed as the reaction temperature is increased, which means unwanted side reactions were enhanced in the process.…”

Section: Effects Of Reaction Parameters On Ethyl Levulinate Yieldsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, both levulinic acid and furfuryl alcohol need to be prepared from carbohydrates or biomass firstly, and then need to be purified for synthesis of ethyl levulinate. In addition, there is a third route for synthesis of ethyl levulinate that is to be converted from carbohydrates or biomass directly [14][15][16][17]. This route provides a convenient one-pot reaction to produce ethyl levulinate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Zhao

Chang

et al. 2015

Catalysts

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A series of metal-modified phosphotungstates were prepared and performed for direct synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose in ethanol. Considering the cost of catalysts, catalytic activity of catalysts, and easy separation of catalysts together, K-HPW-1 was chosen as the most suitable catalyst for synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose. A high ethyl levulinate yield of 64.6 mol% was obtained at 150 °C within 2 h in ethanol. The introduction of low polar toluene as a co-solvent improved the yield of ethyl levulinate to 68.7 mol%. The recovered catalyst remained high activity with the yield of ethyl levulinate converted from fructose above 50 mol% after being used five times. Moreover, the generality of the catalyst was further demonstrated by glucose, sucrose, inulin, and cellulose with ethyl levulinate yielding 14.5, 35.4, 52.3, and 14.8 mol%, respectively.

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Section: Effects Of Reaction Parameters On Ethyl Levulinate Yieldsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Zhao

Chang

et al. 2015

Catalysts

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“…There have been several reports on the production of levulinate esters using acid catalysts such as liquid acids, ionic liquids, and solid acids (Garves 1988;Peng et al 2011;Saravanamurugan et al 2011;Chang et al 2012;Yan et al 2013;Chen et al 2014b;Zhu et al 2014). For instance, Chang et al (2012) reported production of EL by direct conversion of wheat straw over sulfuric acid. Peng et al (2012) reported that glucose can be directly converted to methyl levulinate using an extremely low concentration of sulfuric acid as the acid catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Ethyl Levulinate from Carbohydrates Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Supported Phosphotungstic Acid

Zhao¹,

Xu²,

Chang³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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A series of supported phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW) catalysts, including HPW/β, HPW/Sn-β, HPW/H-Y, HPW/H-ZSM-5, HPW/USY, HPW/ReUSY, and HPW/SBA-15, were prepared using an impregnation method for alcoholysis of fructose to ethyl levulinate in ethanol. Among these catalysts, HPW/H-ZSM-5 showed the highest catalytic activity, and the yield of ethyl levulinate from fructose increased with increasing phosphotungstic acid loading. The yield of ethyl levulinate reached 43.1% at 160 °C for 2 h over 20 wt.% HPW/H-ZSM-5, and the solid catalyst could be reused at least three times. EL yields of 19.1%, 27.3%, 37.4%, and 8.7% could be obtained from glucose, sucrose, inulin, and cellulose, respectively. Furthermore, the catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. HPW/H-ZSM-5 showed good catalytic activity for the direct production of ethyl levulinate from fructose.

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“…Joshi et al (2011) reported the enhanced cold-flow properties of diesel fuel by adding ethyl levulinate. To produce ethyl levulinate, Chang et al (2012) reported the production of ethyl levulinate from wheat straw in ethanol reaction media with an acid catalyst and using a pressurized reactor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Alkyl Levulinates from Cellulosic Biomass by a Single-Step Acidic Solvolysis System at Ambient Atmospheric Pressure

Yamada¹,

Yamaguchi²,

Kubo³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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A simple method was invented to achieve a high yield of cellulosic biomass-derived alkyl levulinates, which have the potential to be alternative fuel additives. Alkyl levulinates, such as butyl-, pentyl-, and hexyl levulinates, were produced using single-step acid-catalyzed solvolysis of cellulosic biomass without the use of elevated pressure. Reactions were performed by refluxing alcohols such as 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol at their boiling points of 117, 138, and 157 °C, respectively, with sulfuric acid at ambient pressure. After 1 hour of the reaction, the cellulosic biomass was converted into an alcohol-soluble compound, and a high yield of alkyl levulinates was achieved. Although the process involved simple treatment under atmospheric pressure, the alkyl levulinate yield was quite high: 60 to 80% based on the hexose content of the cellulosic biomass. The factors influencing the reaction, such as the accessibility to cellulose and acidity of the reaction media, could be controlled appropriately in this solvolysis system.

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Production of ethyl levulinate by direct conversion of wheat straw in ethanol media

Cited by 137 publications

References 25 publications

Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Direct Production of Ethyl Levulinate from Carbohydrates Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Supported Phosphotungstic Acid

Direct Production of Alkyl Levulinates from Cellulosic Biomass by a Single-Step Acidic Solvolysis System at Ambient Atmospheric Pressure

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