Production of flame-resistant bacterial cellulose using whey protein isolate or casein via physical entrapment and crosslinking

Development of bacterial cellulose with enhanced flame retardancy and flexibility by phosphorylation with phytic acid and xylitol

“…72 This char structure may explain why the original BC could not effectively prevent the heat transfer during combustion. 11 Compared with that of the original BC, the char residues of BC-PA and BC-PA-XY show intumescent bubble-like porous structures. These porous structures might act as physical barriers that could hinder the heat and mass transfer between gas and condensed phases, thereby reducing the heat release and mass loss.…”

“…As presented in Table 3, the EDXdetermined P content of BC-PA-XY is very high as 26.27 wt.%, and is similar to that of BC-PA. As high P content is known to impart flame retardancy to materials, it is expected that BC-PA-XY may exhibit good flame retardant properties. 11 Flame retardant properties of phosphorylated BC TGA analysis. The thermal stability of the phosphorylated BC was examined using TGA.…”

“…Most of its mass was lost during the second and third stages as a of the breakdown of the cellulose structure of BC. 11 Moreover, TGA curves of BC-PA and BC-PA-XY exhibit four mass loss stages. In particular, the first stages of BC-PA and BC-PA-XY were shifted to lower temperature ( 170 C), and their mass losses were approximately 2.975% and 4.354%, respectively.…”

“…As observed in Figure 9, the original BC started to burn right after the ignition, and completely burned after 10 s due to its high flammability. 11,12 However, after the ignition, the phosphorylated BC samples were not completely burned, and most of the sample areas remained unburned. Moreover, the phosphorylated BCs formed swollen chars on the surface when exposed to flame.…”

“…6,7 However, due to its cellulosic structure, BC is a flammable material that burns rapidly when exposed to flame, and continues to burn after the flame source is removed. 11,12 Moreover, the dried BC lacks flexibility because of its stiff nature. 6 Hence, improving the flame retardancy and flexibility of BC is necessary to expand its application as a leather substitute.…”