Production of Fungal Chitosan by Enzymatic Method and Applications in Plant Tissue Culture and Tissue Engineering: 11 Years of Our Progress, Present Situation and Future Prospects

Nwe, Nitar; Furuike, Tetsuya; Tamura, Hiroshi

doi:10.5772/10261

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Chitin is traditionally obtained from exoskeleton of crustaceans. Nwe et al [38], however, stated several advantages of chitosan derived from fungal mycelia over crustacean chitosan: e.g. availability of identical batches, lower molecular weight, and more uniform and stable charge distribution.…”

Section: Biosorption Capacities Of Side Stream Biomassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Industrial Microbe Side Streams for Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters

Taskila¹,

Leiviskä²,

Haapalainen³

et al. 2015

J Bioremed Biodeg

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The present report reviews the potential and applicability of industrial microbe side streams produced in Finnish bioprocess industries for biosorption of heavy metals from wastewaters. Microbial side stream biomasses are formed worldwide in e.g. food, brewing, biofuel, pharmaceuticals, wood processing and enzyme manufacturing industries. Although these streams are typically used for low-valued animal feed or biogas production, they would also have potential for biosorbent materials to be used in in situ water treatment. Since major challenges have been recognized, especially regarding the availability of biomass, and to logistic and processing cost, biosorption is not the most economically attractive option for the use of these biomasses at the moment. However, in the future the situation may change due to new incentives or more cost-efficient biosorbent preparation technologies. This report will provide a knowledge basis for the consideration of biosorption applications for industrial microbe side streams. Journal of Bior emediation & Biodegradation Yeast fermentationsEthanol fermentation process consists of several unit operations to convert carbohydrates into ethanol by S. cerevisiae. This technology is employed worldwide in production of alcoholic beverages and bioethanol. After brewing the yeast cells are collected from the bottom of tank or separated by centrifugation to form slurry of 20-50% solids [6]. Loose slurries are further concentrated by filtration after which they are thermally disrupted at around 80°C and optionally also with organic acids. The production capacity of major Finnish breweries is over 400 million l/a [7] and the respective quantity of formed yeast containing residues is approximately 2000 t/a.Bioethanol is produced by St1 Biofuels Oy in quantity of 13,000 t/a in Lahti, Vantaa, Hamina, Jokioinen and Hämeenlinna. Ethanol is further concentrated at Hamina. These production sites produce altogether over 75,000 t/a of residues that contain also yeast cells. Hämeenlinna plant directs all organic residues to biogas production [8] while the other plants produce also animal feed. The amount of produced feed is over 45,000 t/a [9][10][11][12]. The company has also been appointed an environmental permit in 2013 for production of lignocellulose ethanol in Kajaani [13]. Yeast residues of the process together with other residues would be directed to energy production. Enzyme productionThe main steps in enzyme production processes are medium preparation, inoculum preparation, inoculation and fermentation, cell removal, product purification and concentration, and formulation. The nature of produced enzyme affects also properties of microbial residues. Extracellular enzymes are recovered from the fermentation broth after removal of cells which remains the cells intact. Cell removal is conducted using filter press together with filter aids and flocculants. On the contrary, intracellular products are recovered via disruption of cells by chemical or mechanical methods, after which cell debri...

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Section: Biosorption Capacities Of Side Stream Biomassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Industrial Microbe Side Streams for Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters

Taskila¹,

Leiviskä²,

Haapalainen³

et al. 2015

J Bioremed Biodeg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Stronger alkaline conditions (e.g. NaOH 11 mol L –1 at 45 °C for 13 h) can also be employed, but they will impact on the properties and yield of the resulting polymers, since chitin and CGC will be partially or completely deacetylated into chitosan or ChGC respectively …”

Section: Extraction Of Polymers From the Fungal Cell‐wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…acetic acid). This acidic treatment results in the solubilization of chitosan . Chitin, CGC and ChGC are not soluble under such conditions and hence can be separated from chitosan by centrifugation or filtration.…”

Section: Extraction Of Polymers From the Fungal Cell‐wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The free chitosan thus obtained can be precipitated from the supernatant by simply adjusting the pH to 9.0. The product is washed with water, ethanol and/or acetone and dried …”

Section: Extraction Of Polymers From the Fungal Cell‐wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NaOH 11 mol L -1 at 45°C for 13 h) can also be employed, but they will impact on the properties and yield of the resulting polymers, since chitin and CGC will be partially or completely deacetylated into chitosan or ChGC respectively. 48 The hot alkaline treatments yield a soluble fraction comprising the alkali-soluble matter (ASM) of the cell, which can be easily separated from the alkali-insoluble matter (AIM) by centrifugation and/or filtration. The AIM is mostly composed of insoluble glucans and the chitinous polymers chitin, chitosan, CGC and/or ChCG (Fig.…”

Section: Extraction Of Polymers From the Fungal Cell-wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chitinous polymers: extraction from fungal sources, characterization and processing towards value‐added applications

Araújo

Ferreira

Torres

et al. 2020

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Chitin, chitosan and their complexes with β‐glucan (chitin–glucan complex, CGC, and chitosan–glucan complex, ChGC) are value‐added polysaccharides extracted from the cell‐walls of many fungi. Commercial chitin and its deacetylated form, chitosan, are currently obtained from marine waste material, mostly animal sources (crustaceans and marine invertebrates), through harsh chemical procedures that have low reproducibility due to the variability of the composition of the sources and their seasonal character. These disadvantages are overcome by using fungi as sources of chitinous polymers. The extraction of chitin/chitosan from fungi cell‐walls has the great advantage of yielding products with stable composition and properties, using simpler procedures, with the added benefit of also generating CGC and ChGC, two copolymers that combine the proven properties of chitin/chitosan with those of β‐glucans. Over the last decades, fungal chitinous polymers have been the focus of extensive research that included optimization of the cultivation conditions of a wide range of species and the development of optimized extraction, purification and characterization techniques, as well as the demonstration of the biopolymers' biological properties, which include immunomodulatory, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Given these properties, several attempts were made to develop applications for them in areas ranging from biomedicine and pharmaceuticals to food and agriculture. Despite their wide range of proven functional properties that include the ability to form different polymeric structures, as well as biological activity, fungal chitinous biopolymers are still underexplored. Nevertheless, these biopolymers hold great potential for development into valuable products or applications that are surely worth further investigation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Innovation of advanced polymers from seafood waste: Applications of chitin and chitosan

Lalarukh,

Hussain,

Ali

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Despite their importance to global economies, the aquaculture and seafood sectors are major contributors to waste, which is a problem for the environment. Because of its biocompatibility and recyclability, fish waste, which is rich in chitin and chitosan—holds potential in several fields. The shells of crustaceans are the source of chitin and chitosan, two substances with versatile and useful qualities. Although it is not very soluble, chitin is very biocompatible and biodegradable, much like cellulose. The more versatile and solubilized chitosan is made when chitin is deacetylated. About half of seafood waste is made up of cephalothoraxes and shrimp exoskeletons, and chitin is the second most common polysaccharide in the world. An eco‐friendly strategy for managing seafood waste and creating value may be found in investigating these compounds originating from the ocean. The byproduct of fish scales, chitosan, has many uses in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, culinary, and aquaculture industries. Greener ways of chitin extraction include enzymatic deproteinization and microbial fermentations, as well as biological approaches like demineralization and deproteinization. Chitosan has several potential uses in biomedicine, food technology, and tissue engineering because of its acid solubility and precipitation at pH values greater than 6.0. It may be used in wound healing, water treatment, and agriculture due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial qualities. Research on chitosan supplementation in several fish species suggests that it may improve immune responses. However, further research is needed to properly comprehend this. Oral chitosan use has the potential to lead to a more efficient and environmentally friendly aquaculture industry.

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Production of Fungal Chitosan by Enzymatic Method and Applications in Plant Tissue Culture and Tissue Engineering: 11 Years of Our Progress, Present Situation and Future Prospects

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Utilization of Industrial Microbe Side Streams for Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters

Utilization of Industrial Microbe Side Streams for Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters

Chitinous polymers: extraction from fungal sources, characterization and processing towards value‐added applications

Innovation of advanced polymers from seafood waste: Applications of chitin and chitosan

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