Production of Gasolines and Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: From Fossil Raw Materials to Green Processes

Busca, Guido

doi:10.3390/en14134061

Cited by 46 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Thus, the separation of unwanted components is essential before the use of pyrolysis oil in IC engines. However, the presence of toluene and ethylbenzene are found in adequate quantity in fuel oil for better performance of IC engine 65 . Thus, BTE and undesired styrene were measured using calibration characteristics (Figure S4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Verma

Sharma

Pramanik

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary The waste expanded polystyrene (WEPS) was subjected to the pyrolysis and in situ hydrogenation process in a laboratory fabricated innovative reactor on a red clay catalyst in the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C. Five different catalysts were synthesized from the eco‐friendly and non‐toxic red clay, that is, red clay in natural form (RC), red clay calcined at 600°C (RC‐600), red clay calcined at 700°C (RC‐700), red clay calcined at 800°C (RC‐800), and red clay calcined at 900°C (RC‐900). The catalytic pyrolysis of WEPS, in situ hydrogenation, and aromatization were performed keeping the synthesized catalyst in different reactor arrangements, that is, liquid phase/X‐type, vapour phase/Y‐type, and multiphase/XY‐type. The raw and calcined red clay catalysts were characterized by various characterization techniques such as SEM‐EDX, BET, XRD, and FTIR. The calcination temperature greatly influenced the surface morphology and surface area of the red clay catalysts. The surface morphology of calcined red clay catalyst RC‐800 shows nano cluster form of particles with very high porosity. The highest surface area of 29.25 m2/g and highest silica content of 56.82 wt% were found for the RC‐800 catalyst. Furthermore, the XRD analysis ensured the presence of illite‐micas, α‐quartz, κ‐kappa alumina, δ‐delta alumina, and θ‐theta alumina in the RC‐800 catalyst only. The presence of strong Bronstedacid sites in RC‐800 catalyst was confirmed by the FTIR analysis. The highest liquid yield of 94.37 wt% was obtained for the thermal pyrolysis of WEPS at the optimum temperature of 650°C and heating rate of 15°C/min. The maximum BTE content of 11.38 wt% was recorded for the pyrolysis oil obtained from the thermal pyrolysis of WEPS at the same optimum conditions. On the other side, the highest liquid yield of 88.82 wt% was obtained for the X‐type pyrolysis at the optimum temperature of 600°C and heating rate of 15°C/min using red clay catalyst RC‐800. The Y‐type and XY‐type pyrolysis produced maximum liquid yield of 80.81 wt% and 79.47 wt%, respectively, at the optimum temperature of 550°C and at heating rate of 15°C/min using the same red clay catalyst RC‐800. However, the multiphase/XY‐type pyrolysis produced the highest BTE content of 27.62 wt% and lowest styrene content (60.75 wt%) at a temperature of 550°C using RC‐800 catalyst among all types of pyrolysis. The maximum styrene content of 84.74 wt% was found in pyrolysis oil obtained from thermal pyrolysis of WEPS at optimum conditions. The styrene content obtained reduced significantly from 68.83 wt% to 60.75 wt% when the reactor arrangement was changed from X‐type to XY‐type. The pyrolysis oil obtained from XY‐type/multiphase pyrolysis was found suitable for the use in internal combustion (IC) engine.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Verma

Sharma

Pramanik

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…2 The main aromatics are benzene, toluene and xylenes, which are almost all derived from crude oil and, in small quantities, from coal. 143 Benzene is the major raw material for the production of (i) styrene, used then to produce polystyrene, ABS (acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) and rubber/plastic products; (ii) cumene and phenol, used in a large variety of chemicals from healthcare products to bisphenol A, from which epoxy resins and polycarbonates are made; (iii) cyclohexane, used as an intermediate to produce nylon; (iv) alkylbenzenes, to produce detergents and surfactants. p -Xylene is used to make polyesters and polyethene terephthalate (PET).…”

Section: Defossilizing Chemical Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status and gaps toward fossil-free sustainable chemical production

Centi

Perathoner

2022

Green Chem.

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“…However, the low selectivity of employable biofuels in lignin pyrolysis led scientists to focus on possible chemical reaction pathways that occur during the process in order to highlight promising chemical intermediates to be obtained through this process [16,17]. Liquid products can contain a great number of chemical species and, for this reason, the characterization of pyrolysis bio-oil is not trivial [18]. The presence of oxygenated compounds in pyrolytic bio-oil decreases the quality of the oil itself, which has to be upgraded with further treatments, but are interesting platform molecules for fine chemicals production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Pyrolysis Products of Kraft Lignin

et al. 2022

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In order to valorize lignin wastes to produce useful aromatic compounds, the thermal degradation pyrolysis of Kraft lignin in the absence of catalysts has been investigated at 350, 450, and 550 °C. The high content of sulfur in the fresh sample led to the formation of S-containing compounds in products whose evolution in the gas phase was monitored through GC-MS analysis. Pyrolytic gas is rich in CH4, CO, CO2, and H2S with the presence of other sulfur compounds in smaller amounts (i.e., CH3SH, CH3-S-CH3, SO2, COS, and CS2). Biochar morphology and elemental composition have been investigated by means of SEM and EDX. The carbon content reaches ~90% after pyrolysis at 550 °C, while the oxygen content showed a decreasing trend with increasing temperature. From GC-MS analysis, bio-oil resulted rich in alkyl-alkoxy phenols, together with (alkyl)dihydroxy benzenes and minor amounts of hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. NaOH/H2O and EtOH/H2O extraction were performed with the aim of extracting phenolic-like compounds. Sodium hydroxide solution allowed a better but still incomplete extraction of phenolic compounds, leaving a bio-oil richer in sulfur.

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Production of Gasolines and Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: From Fossil Raw Materials to Green Processes

Cited by 46 publications

References 166 publications

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Status and gaps toward fossil-free sustainable chemical production

A Study of the Pyrolysis Products of Kraft Lignin

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