Production of ginsenoside compound K from American ginseng extract by fed-batch culture of Aspergillus tubingensis

Abstract

Compound K (C-K), one of the most bioactive ginsenoside, is produced by hydrolyzing the glycoside moieties of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type glycosylated ginsenosides in the ginseng extract. To enhance the biotransformation of PPD-type ginsenosides in American ginseng extract (AGE) into C-K, the optimization of the feed type, concentration, and period for the carbon source sucrose and the reactant AGE was performed in fed-batch fermentation of Aspergillus tubingensis using a fermenter. The concentration (3.94 g/L) and productivity (27.4 mg/L/h) of C-K after feed optimization in fed-batch fermentation increased 3.1-fold compared to those (1.29 g/L and 8.96 mg/L/h) in batch fermentation, and a molar conversion of 100% was achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first trial of fed-batch fermentation to convert ginseng extract into deglycosylated ginsenoside and the highest reported C-K concentration and productivity using ginseng extract via fermentation. After ethanol and resin treatments, C-K solids with purities of 59% and 96% were obtained from the fermentation broth as food- and pharmaceutical-grade products, respectively. Graphical Abstract

Characterization of vitamin D3 biotransformation by the cell lysate of Actinomyces hyovaginalis CCASU-A11-2

“…As a result, vitamin D 3 bioconversion using different protein fractions of the crude cell lysate as well as studying different environmental factors influencing the bioconversion process, were carried out. Various recent studies have shown the value of the biotransformation processes of certain compounds using various natural lysates to produce valuable bioactive compounds (Taira et al 2018 ; Hou et al 2020a ; Zheng et al 2022 ; Song et al 2023 ) or biodegrade environmental toxic compounds or xenobiotics (Hou et al 2020b ; Zargar et al 2021 ).…”