PRODUCTION OF GLUTAMYL POLYPEPTIDE BY
            <i>BACILLUS SUBTILIS</i>

Thorne, Curtis B.; Gómez, C. Guerrero; Noyes, Howard E.; Housewright, Riley D.

doi:10.1128/jb.68.3.307-315.1954

Cited by 99 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Such behavior is consistent with that observed in the shake-flask experiments (Fig. 5) as well as in previous work by us (Birrer et al, 1994;Cromwick and Gross, 1995a) and others (Leonard and Housewright, 1963;Thorne et al, 1954;Troy, 1973). It is likely that product degradation that occurs concurrently with product accumulation is due to the presence of ␥-glutamyl depolymerase activity in the extracellular medium of B. licheniformis 9945a (Leonard and Housewright, 1963;Thorne et al, Figure 6.…”

Section: Experiments In Fermentors With Controlled Phsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Production of ␥-PGA was most extensively studied in B. anthracis (Roelants and Goodman, 1968;Thorne, 1956) and B. licheniformis ATCC 9945a. Work has been carried out on the nutritional requirements for cell growth, improving conditions for ␥-PGA production (Kubota et al, 1993;Leonard et al, 1958;Ward et al, 1963) and variation in chain [d]/[l]-repeat unit composition (Cromwick and Gross, 1995a;Hara et al, 1986;Thorne et al, 1954). For example, it is known that variation in the medium Mn(II) concentra-tion can be used to regulate the relative concentration of [d]and [l]-glutamate repeat units in ␥-PGA produced by B. licheniformis ATCC 9945a (Cromwick and Gross, 1995a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often B. licheniformis 9945A and other strains were said to require [l]-glutamic acid for high levels of polymer formation (Housewright, 1962;Thorne et al, 1954). However, Murao et al (1969) reported that B. subtilis 5E did not require glutamate in the medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of glucose and glycerol on γ-poly(glutamic acid) formation byBacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a

Gross

1998

Biotechnol. Bioeng.

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Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a is one of the bacterial strains that produce γ‐poly(glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA). The use of carbohydrate medium components for γ‐PGA production was explored. Cells were grown in shake flasks or in controlled pH fermentors using medium formulations that contain different carbon sources. During the cultivations, aliquots were removed to monitor cell growth, carbon utilization, polymer production, and polymer molecular weight. Glucose was a better carbon source than glycerol for cell growth. Furthermore, glucose was utilized at a faster rate than glycerol, citrate, or glutamate. However, by using mixtures of glucose and glycerol in medium formulations, the efficiency of γ‐PGA production increased. For example, by increasing the glycerol in medium formulations from 0 to 40 g/L, the γ‐PGA broth concentration after 96 h increased from 5.7 to 20.5 g/L. Considering that glycerol utilization was low for the glucose/glycerol mixtures studied, it was unclear as to the mechanism by which glycerol leads to enhanced product formation. Cell growth and concomitant γ‐PGA production (12 g/L) at pH 6.5 was possible using glucose as a carbon source if trace amounts (0.5 g/L each) of citrate and glutamate were present in the medium. We suggested that citrate and glutamate were useful in preventing salt precipitation from the medium. In addition, glutamate may be preferred relative to ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source. The conversion of glucose to γ‐PGA by the strain ATCC 9945a was believed to occur by glycolysis of glucose to acetyl‐CoA and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates that were then metabolized via the TCA cycle to form α‐ketoglutarate, which is a direct glutamate precursor. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 430‐437, 1998.

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Section: Experiments In Fermentors With Controlled Phsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of glucose and glycerol on γ-poly(glutamic acid) formation byBacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a

Gross

1998

Biotechnol. Bioeng.

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“…This compound is naturally synthetized as a slime layer by a variety of members of the genus Bacillus. 29 For instance, the molecular weight of γ-PGA produced by Bacillus subtilis isolated from "chungkookjang", a traditional Korean fermented soybean food, 30 is much higher than that obtained using Bacillus subtilis natto, which allows its functional application in cosmetics, medicine, and industrial products (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Hydrogels as Electrolyte for Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Supercapacitors

et al. 2017

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Biosynthetic poly-γ-glutamic acid (-PGA) has been used to produce hydrogels using cystamine as cross-linker and 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide methiodide (EDC methiodide) as condensing agent. Eight different hydrogels with different properties were formulated by varying both the molecular weight of -PGA and the -PGA/EDC/cystamine ratio, and subsequently characterized. The most appropriate γ-PGA hydrogel was selected to perform as solid electrolytic medium in organic electrochemical supercapacitors (OESCs) using poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes based on their mechanical behaviour (consistency and robustness to hold the PEDOT electrodes), morphology, and influence on the electrochemical response of the organic electrode (i.e. specific capacitance, and both maximum energy and power densities values). Hence, PEDOT/γ-PGA energy storage devices fabricated using the most adequate hydrogel formulation displayed a supercapacitor response of 168 F/g and a capacitance retention of 81%. Moreover, after evaluating the maximum energy and power densities (Ragone plot), cyclability, longterm stability, leakage-current, and self-discharging response of PEDOT/γ-PGA OESC devices, results allow us to highlight the merits and great potential of γ-PGA hydrogels as sustainable ion-conductive electrolytes for environmentally friendly energy storage technologies. Our daily activities have become dependent on the available energy supply. Indeed, portable energy storage devices have become essential, not only for operating laptops and smart cell phones, but also for other electronic and electrical systems used in motor vehicles, satellites, sensors, or medical and military equipment. Among other features, these applications require energy storage devices to be cost-affordable, light-weight, durable (long-term stability) and, if possible, sustainable by using eco-friendly materials. Although electrolytic/ceramic batteries and capacitors are both used for energy storage applications, these devices differ in the power and energy densities they can provide. Thus, batteries are characterized by high energy density values (10-100 Wh/kg), while capacitors display high power density values (i.e. they can release the stored energy much faster). 1 In low-energy applications (e.g. motor starting, signal processing and sensing) or when fast pulsed power supply is needed (e.g. electromagnetic forming, Marx generators, pulsed lasers, and particle accelerators, among others), capacitors offer a series of advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, faster charging-discharging times, and long-lasting cycling stability. Electrochemical supercapacitors (ESCs) have emerged as promising energy storage devices displaying higher energy values (i.e. 1-10 Wh/kg for carbon ESCs) than conventional capacitors (i.e. < 0.1 Wh/kg), evidencing a potential future use in largescale high-energy applications. 2 In ESCs, the electric double-layers formed at the electrode-electrolyte interface (i.e. Helmholtz and diffuse layers) contribute to ...

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“…During the 1950s, poly-c-L-glutamic acid (c-PGA) was found to be produced by bacterial fermentation. 1 Previous studies have shown that c-PGA is biodegradable, nontoxic, non-immunogenic, biocompatible, and could be used as a potential drug delivery carrier. [2][3][4] Several studies have reported the use of c-PGA as a drug carrier to load antitumor drugs, including paclitaxel, camptothecin, and cisplatin (CDDP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of cisplatin‐loaded, EGFR‐targeted biopolymer and in vitro evaluation for targeted delivery

Feng

et al. 2012

J Biomedical Materials Res

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The design of smart targeted drug delivery systems that deliver drugs to specific cancer cells will give rise to cancer treatments with better efficacy and lower toxicity levels. We report the development and characterizations of maleimide-functionalized biopolymer (Mal-PGA-Asp) as an effective targeted drug delivery carrier synthesized from an amidation reaction between aspartylated PGA (PGA-Asp) and N-(maleimidohexanoyl)-ethylenediamine (NME). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting peptide (TP13) was conjugated to Mal-PGA-Asp to obtain the targeting carrier (TP13-Mal-PGA-Asp). Cisplatin was finally loaded by complexation to form a biocompatible and tumor targeted therapeutic drug (TP13-Mal-PGA-Asp3-Pt). The resultant biopolymer with an average size 87 ± 28 nm showed a sustainable release profile with a half-maximal release time (t(1/2)) of approximately 15 h in physiological saline. Fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry analysis revealed that TP13 significantly enhanced the cellular uptake of TP13-Mal-PGA-Asp3-Pt in the human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721. The IC(50) value demonstrated the superior anticancer activity of TP13-Mal-PGA-Asp3-Pt over PGA-Asp-Pt. Therefore, the newly developed drug carrier (TP13-Mal-PGA-Asp) obtained in this study may provide an efficient and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, presenting a promising targeted chemotherapy in EGFR-positive cancers.

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PRODUCTION OF GLUTAMYL POLYPEPTIDE BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS

Cited by 99 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of glucose and glycerol on γ-poly(glutamic acid) formation byBacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a

Effects of glucose and glycerol on γ-poly(glutamic acid) formation byBacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a

Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Hydrogels as Electrolyte for Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Supercapacitors

Synthesis and characterization of cisplatin‐loaded, EGFR‐targeted biopolymer and in vitro evaluation for targeted delivery

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