Production of glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton. I. Batch cultures

Keller, Maureen; Kiene, Ronald P.; Matrai, Patricia A.; Bellows, Wendy K.

doi:10.1007/s002270050621

Cited by 114 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…GB is used as a compatible solute by cyanobacteria and other phototrophic bacteria, as well as by eukaryotic uni-and multicellular algae (49)(50)(51). Thus, many microbes in marine environments acquire exogenous GB to serve as an osmolyte or degrade it during changing osmotic conditions for use as a source of nitrogen, carbon, and/or energy (7,52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

Ticak

Kountz²,

Girosky³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

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Significance Pyrrolysine, the 22nd amino acid, is found in few proteins. One, the trimethylamine methyltransferase MttB, forms a small portion of a large family of proteins. Most in this family lack pyrrolysine and have no known activity. We show that one such protein, MtgB, is a glycine betaine methyltransferase, providing functional context that may explain the relationship between family members with and without pyrrolysine. Close relatives of MtgB are encoded in many of the abundant bacteria in the oceans, as well as different microbes undertaking symbioses ranging from plants to humans. This finding implies that MtgB might partake in a widespread and underappreciated pathway of GB metabolism contributing significantly to global carbon and nitrogen cycling as well as human health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

Ticak

Kountz²,

Girosky³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

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“…The lack of upregulation of DMSP production, irrespective of the increased antioxidant activity measured here, suggests that the corals primary response to hyposaline conditions was to reduce its osmotic potential. Furthermore, given that DMSP is energetically expensive to produce [55], if cellular activity of the coral is reduced or compromised, de novo synthesis of DMSP may have been limited. The formation of DMSO constitutes an additional shield against oxidative stress, because it can be further oxidized in the presence of ROS [21], and as such, it has been suggested to be an effective biomarker of stress exposure in corals [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, superoxide dismutase and glutathione as stress response indicators in three corals under short-term hyposalinity stress

et al. 2016

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Corals are among the most active producers of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a key molecule in marine sulfur cycling, yet the specific physiological role of DMSP in corals remains elusive. Here, we examine the oxidative stress response of three coral species (Acropora millepora, Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis) and explore the antioxidant role of DMSP and its breakdown products under short-term hyposalinity stress. Symbiont photosynthetic activity declined with hyposalinity exposure in all three reef-building corals. This corresponded with the upregulation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione in the animal host of all three species. For the symbiont component, there were differences in antioxidant regulation, demonstrating differential responses to oxidative stress between the Symbiodinium subclades. Of the three coral species investigated, only A. millepora provided any evidence of the role of DMSP in the oxidative stress response. Our study reveals variability in antioxidant regulation in corals and highlights the influence life-history traits, and the subcladal differences can have on coral physiology. Our data expand on the emerging understanding of the role of DMSP in coral stress regulation and emphasizes the importance of exploring both the host and symbiont responses for defining the threshold of the coral holobiont to hyposalinity stress.

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“…For example, Keller et al [7] did not detect GBT in Prorocentrum minimum, but Spielmeyer et al [8] found Prorocentrum minimum to contain the highest levels of GBT of the cultures studied. This could be due to different strains used for the two studies, different culture conditions, or methodological differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Knowledge of the distribution of nitrogenous osmolytes among marine phytoplankton is limited to two studies [7,8] and discrepancies exist between them. For example, Keller et al [7] did not detect GBT in Prorocentrum minimum, but Spielmeyer et al [8] found Prorocentrum minimum to contain the highest levels of GBT of the cultures studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of glycine betaine, choline and trimethylamine N-oxide in seawater particulates: Minimisation of seawater associated ion suppression

Beale

Airs

2016

Analytica Chimica Acta

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h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c tLC/MS method for measuring glycine betaine, choline and TMAO in particulates from seawater. The sensitivity of this method at the low nanomolar range permits its use for studies into the cycling of Nosmolytes. Approaches to reduce ion suppression during LC/MS of marine extracts are presented.a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tA liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS, electrospray ionisation) method has been developed for the quantification of nitrogenous osmolytes (N-osmolytes) in the particulate fraction of natural water samples. Full method validation demonstrates the validity of the method for measuring glycine betaine (GBT), choline and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in particulates from seawater. Limits of detection were calculated as 3.5, 1.2 and 5.9 pg injected onto column (equivalent to 1.5, 0.6 and 3.9 nmol per litre) for GBT, choline and TMAO respectively. Precision of the method was typically 3% for both GBT and choline and 6% for TMAO. Collection of the particulate fraction of natural samples was achieved via in-line filtration. Resulting chromatography and method sensitivity was assessed and compared for the use of both glass fibre and polycarbonate filters during sample collection. Ion suppression was shown to be a significant cause of reduced instrument response to N-osmolytes and was associated with the presence of seawater in the sample matrix.

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Production of glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton. I. Batch cultures

Cited by 114 publications

References 44 publications

A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, superoxide dismutase and glutathione as stress response indicators in three corals under short-term hyposalinity stress

Quantification of glycine betaine, choline and trimethylamine N-oxide in seawater particulates: Minimisation of seawater associated ion suppression

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