Production of Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Iron Waste Reinforced with Niobium Carbide/Granite Nanoparticles with Outstanding Strength and Wear Resistance for Use in Industrial Applications

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to recycle unwanted industrial waste in order to produce innovative nanocomposites with improved mechanical, tribological, and thermal properties for use in various industrial purposes. In this context, powder metallurgy (PM) technique was used to fabricate iron (Fe)/copper (Cu)/niobium carbide (NbC)/granite nanocomposites having outstanding mechanical, wear and thermal properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations were used to investigate the particle size, crystal size, and phase composition of the milled samples. Additionally, it was investigated how different volume percentages of the NbC and granite affected the sintered specimens in terms of density, microstructure, mechanical and wear properties, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). According to the findings, the milled powders included particles that were around 55 nm in size and clearly contained agglomerates. The results showed that the addition of 4 vol.% NbC and 8 vol.% granite nanoparticles caused a reduction in the Fe–Cu alloy matrix particle sizes up to 47.8 nm and served as a barrier to the migration of dislocations. In addition, the successive increase in the hybrid concentrations led to a significant decrease in the crystal size of the samples prepared as follows: 29.73, 27.58, 22.69, 19.95 and 15.8 nm. Furthermore, compared with the base Fe–Cu alloy, the nanocomposite having 12 vol.% of hybrid reinforcement demonstrated a significant improvement in the microhardness, ultimate strength, Young’s modulus, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, CTE and wear rate by 94.3, 96.4, 61.1, 78.2, 57.1, 73.6, 25.6 and 61.9%, respectively. This indicates that both NbC and granite can actually act as excellent reinforcements in the Fe alloy.

Eco-friendly repurposing of by-pass waste for optics and radiation protection: addressing hazardous material challenges

“…The compositional variation affects the density and atomic number, critical parameters for gamma-ray shielding. [59][60][61][62] Bypass components such as silica (SiO 2 ) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) provide additional electron density, which is beneficial for the photoelectric effect at lower energies, while the increase in the overall atomic number enhances the probability of Compton scattering. As the photon energy escalates, these effects become less pronounced, yet the compositional benefits of By-pass are still evident.…”

Fabrication and Characterization of Functionally Graded Nanocomposites: Impact of Graphene and Vanadium Carbide on Aluminum Matrix

“…Consequently, strain mismatch and the impact of plastic limitation increase dislocation density, enhancing the samples' strength. 47 Electrical properties.-Figure 16. shows the effect of adding VC or/and grapheme on the electrical conductivity of functionally graded samples.…”

Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Nanocomposites of Biologically Extracted Hydroxyapatite/Hematite/Silicon Dioxide for Potential Use in Bone Replacement Applications

“…The ability of nanostructured biomaterial to better interact with proteins and bone-forming cells is one of their most significant benefits. 6 The functional groups of all starting materials were examined using FTIR spectroscopy in order to verify the acquired XRD data using a different approach. To illustrate this, FTIR absorption spectra were captured and shown in Figs.…”

“…The tremendous energy impact on the powder particles used in this process results in recurrent welding, fracturing, and rewelding of the powder combination, which produces small particles inside a fine-grained matrix. [6][7][8] Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most often used bioceramics for dental and orthopedic applications due to its better biological features when compared to other biomaterials. 9,10 In response to HA's major importance in orthopedic applications, scientists have created a variety of efficient techniques to produce it, including sol-gel, 11 precipitation, 12 hydrolysis, 13 hydrothermal 14 and mechanochemical synthesis.…”