Production of hydrocarbons from fatty acids and animal fat in the presence of water and sodium carbonate: Reactor performance and fuel properties

Diesel-like hydrocarbon fuels by catalytic cracking of fat, oils, and grease (FOG) from grease traps

“…The results for OLP yields in laboratory and pilot scales are according to similar studies reported in the literature [17,18,24,25,31e39]. particularly to those of Weber et al [33,35], who investigated the production of liquid fuels by catalytic cracking of a mixture from fatty acids and animal fat using Na 2 CO 3 as catalyst and Almeida et al [17], who studied the catalytic cracking of residual fats, oils, and grease (FOG) from grease traps with activated Red Mud as catalyst. The yields of coke are in accord to similar studies reported in the literature [17,24,31e33,35,36,38,39].…”

“…The acid value, saponification value, density, and kinematic viscosity of OLP in pilot scale are equal to 14.97 mg KOH/g, 24.22 mg KOH/g, 0.820 g/cm 3 , and 3.485 mm 2 s À1 , respectively. The OLP acid values are higher compared to Weber et al [33], Bojanowski et al [39], and Mota et al [41], but lower than similar studies reported in the literature [17,22,23,37]. The OLP densities are lower compared to similar studies reported in the literature [17,24,38,39], and in accord to Santos et al [23], Bojanowski et al [39], and Mota et al [41].…”

“…Weber et al [33,35], investigated the catalytic conversion of fatty acid mixture (60:40 oleic and stearic acids) and animal fat [33], as well as the chemical composition of hydrocarbons obtained by catalytic cracking of animal fats [35], using a continuous moving bed reactor in pilot scale (L ¼ 6.0 m, B ¼ 2.4 m, H ¼ 3.1 m) of 0.75 m 3 . The catalytic cracking of fatty acids mixture (60:40 oleic to stearic acids) carried out at 410 and 450 C, mass flow rate of 10 kg/h, using Na 2 CO 3 as catalyst and 5% (wt.)…”

“…The catalytic cracking of fatty acids mixture (60:40 oleic to stearic acids) carried out at 410 and 450 C, mass flow rate of 10 kg/h, using Na 2 CO 3 as catalyst and 5% (wt.) H 2 O, while the mass flow rate of animal fat varied between 10 and 40 kg/h [33]. For fatty acids conversion, the bio-oil yield varied from 64 to 74% (wt.)…”

“…bio-diesel and 21% (wt.) bio-gasoline [33]. The thermo-chemical conversion of animal fat carried out at 430 C, with approximately 10.0% (wt.)…”