Production of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid for Industrial Applications

Production of Dicarboxylic Acid Platform Chemicals Using Yeasts

“…One way to increase the distribution coefficient is adding a reactive compound, eg, an amine, through a process called reactive extraction (Yang et al, 2013;Kertes and King, 1986). The chosen reactive compound should ideally have low water solubility, high distribution coefficient for the target dicarboxylic acid, and low distribution coefficient for other organic acids or impurities (Thongchul, 2013). Generally, a reactive extraction system comprises the steps of (A) reactive extraction followed by (B) back extraction as shown in Fig.…”

“…having an effect on the extractive capabilities (Kurzrock and Weuster-Botz, 2011;Huh et al, 2006;Tamada and King, 1990). Active solvents (such as 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-octanol) are recommended to improve the solvation of hydrophilic organic acid by hydrophobic long-chain aliphatic amines (Yang et al, 2013;Thongchul, 2013) by stabilizing the acidamine complex, while inert solvents (such as alkanes) act solely as solvating media (Kurzrock and Weuster-Botz, 2011). Generally, the efficiency of extraction with aliphatic amines depends largely on the pH, temperature, by-products in the fermentation broth, the concentration of target acid, the properties of the solvent and amine, the loading ratio, and distribution coefficient.…”

“…In general, high-capacity, complete, and low-cost regenerability, as well as specificity, for the target product are desired properties for sorption and ion exchange materials. The pH of the fermentation broth may need to be adjusted before this DSP process, and additional chemicals are needed to regenerate the solid phase (Yang et al, 2007;Joglekar et al, 2006;Thongchul, 2013).…”

Polymers Based on PLA from Synthesis Using D,L-Lactic Acid (or Racemic Lactide) and Some Biomedical Applications: A Short Review

“…Compared to direct polycondensation, ROP can be performed under milder conditions, such as a reaction temperature of 130 • C and a shorter reaction time [32,78,85]. ROP can be classified in terms of the reaction mechanism as: anionic polymerization, cationic polymerization, and coordination-insertion mechanism [32,55,78,80,85,86].…”

“…Compared to direct polycondensation, ROP can be performed under milder conditions, such as a reaction temperature of 130 • C and a shorter reaction time [32,78,85]. ROP can be classified in terms of the reaction mechanism as: anionic polymerization, cationic polymerization, and coordination-insertion mechanism [32,55,78,80,85,86]. The most popular catalyst used in this synthesis is tin(II) bis-2-ethylhexanoic acid (tin octoate), due to its solubility in molten lactide, low product racemization, high conversion and catalytic activity, and for providing PLA of high molar mass (≥1000 kDa) [72,80,84].…”