Production of Lithium – A Literature Review Part 1: Pretreatment of Spodumene

Salakjani, Nasim Kh.; Singh, Pritam; Nikoloski, Aleksandar N.

doi:10.1080/08827508.2019.1643343

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…They found that a greater extent of the β-spodumene formed corresponded to a higher surface area produced but a relatively low density. It is anticipated that the inversion of α-spodumene to γ-spodumene is exothermic and that the heat released helps to offset the heat requirement of the process, however, the phase change from α directly to β is endothermic [9,18]. Investigations by Moore et al [16] indicate that the temperature and the heating method have negligible effect on the mass fraction of the phases transformed during the decrepitation process and that the quantities of inversion products are almost equal at the initial stage before the final conversion to the β-phase.…”

Section: Decrepitation Of Spodumene Orementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, microwave heat treatment of spodumene has been studied extensively by several authors and compared with conventional methods [4,5,10,16,19]. Spodumene is passive to microwave irradiation so the heat treatment with this method is made possible by hybrid microwave heating with the aid of SiC [9,10]. It was found that β-phase spodumene absorbs significantly higher microwave energy than the α-phase spodumene, resulting in local sintering when the β-phase is reached [9].…”

Section: Decrepitation Of Spodumene Orementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spodumene is a lithium aluminum silicate (Li 2 O•Al 2 O 3 •4SiO 2 or LiAlSi 2 O 6 ) of the pyroxene group; it is found in close association with quartz, feldspar and micas [6]. Its color may vary from purple, green, yellow, gray or white, depending on the presence and concentrations of sodium, manganese, iron, magnesium or titanium [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increases the mobility of lithium atoms which then become easily accessible to aqueous lixiviant solutions [4,10,11]. The phase transformation has also been shown to improve comminution, as β-spodumene is relatively soft and flaky [9,10,12]. Recently, an intermediary hexagonal metastable γ-phase was discovered during calcination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore the sequence of the phase transformation is now understood to be α→γ→β [4,10,13]. Though interlocking gangue in spodumene can adversely affect downstream beneficiation processes, Salakjani et al [9] as well as White and McVay [14] indicated that these impurities facilitate heat conduction and efficient transformation since spodumene itself exhibits low thermal conductivity. Prior to the hydrometallurgical treatment of the ore after calcination, the β-spodumene phase is baked or roasted with additional compounds which define the next processing route as acidic, alkaline or chlorination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Fosu

Kanari

Vaughan

et al. 2020

Metals

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This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chemical thermodynamics of the baking process is evaluated using HSC Chemistry software up to 1200 °C. It was observed that the alkaline, sulfation, chlorination (using Cl2 and CaCl2), carbonizing (to form Li2CO3) and fluorination processes were feasible either throughout or at a point within the temperature range considered. Chlorination using KCl and carbonizing to form Li2O are the processes found to be nonspontaneous throughout the temperatures considered.

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Section: Decrepitation Of Spodumene Orementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Decrepitation Of Spodumene Orementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Fosu

Kanari

Vaughan

et al. 2020

Metals

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Extraction and Purification of Lithium from Minerals

Wilson,

Gilligan,

Nikoloski

2024

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Demand for lithium‐ion batteries for use in electric vehicles is driving lithium demand. A large increase in demand between now and 2040 is expected due to increasing electrification of the transport and energy sectors of the economy. This is in part due to an interest in improving air quality in cities and in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions when electricity is generated without fossil fuel combustion. Currently, the two major natural sources of lithium for use in lithium‐ion batteries are brines and hard‐rock minerals. Lithium‐bearing clays have also been investigated as a potential source of lithium. Battery recycling is another potential source. Lithium in hard‐rock minerals is predominantly found in pegmatites. Lithium‐bearing minerals that may occur in pegmatites include petalite, lepidolite, and spodumene. The latter is currently the predominant hard‐rock lithium source. Following comminution, a number of treatments or combinations of treatments can be used to produce materials suitable for the final stage of purification of lithium products. Most involve high‐ or very‐high‐temperature treatments with various reagents followed by water leaching, although a few treat lithium‐bearing feed directly with acid leaching. Other elements are co‐leached and must be separated from lithium to allow the production of high‐purity lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, which are then used to manufacture lithium‐ion battery cathodes.

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Lithium recovery from pretreated α‐spodumene residue through acid leaching at ambient temperature

et al. 2023

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A novel alkaline hydrothermal approach for low-temperature conversion of α-spodumene into Li 2 SiO 3 residue was proposed, providing a promising method for extracting lithium from α-spodumene as a pretreatment process. This work proposed a systematic investigation for extracting lithium from the residue by acid leaching and preparing lithium carbonate. The reaction feasibility between Li 2 SiO 3 and acids (HCl and H 2 SO 4 ) was first evaluated through thermodynamic calculation. Compared with the leaching effects of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid, sulphuric acid is the preferred leaching agent due to its higher extraction efficiency for lithium and lower acid consumption. Lithium extraction efficiency from the residue achieved up to 87.48% under the following optimized conditions: 0.75 mol/L H 2 SO 4 , 0.4 times the theoretical amount of acid, 10 min, 30 C, and 100 rpm. Based on the optimized conditions, the lithium-

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Production of Lithium – A Literature Review Part 1: Pretreatment of Spodumene

Cited by 47 publications

References 62 publications

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Extraction and Purification of Lithium from Minerals

Lithium recovery from pretreated α‐spodumene residue through acid leaching at ambient temperature

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