Production of nanocellulose in miniature-bioreactor: Optimization and characterization

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a very fascinating microbial biopolymer which is mainly produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinum. Optimization of BC production by G. xylinum was performed based on scale-down studies in miniature-bioreactor and response surface methodology in which the optimum pH value (6.5) and shaking rate (50 rpm) were obtained. The static culture condition for BC production has newly been defined. Nanostructure of BC includes nanofibers up to (60 nm) and nanoporosity up to (265 nm) was observed by scanning electron microscopy. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study, the most expected BC interaction is nucleophilic interaction. MTT assay showed high biocompatibility. Appropriate mechanical strength (0.37 MPa) and Young's modulus (3.36 MPa) evinced BC scaffold utilization for skin tissue. The results indicate that BC sheets can be utilized in biomedical application and nanotechnology approaches.

Versatile Application of Nanocellulose: From Industry to Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

“…In fact, bacterial cellulose is a hydrogel containing nanofibrils, which mimics the fibrillar component of natural extracellular matrix. Bacterial cellulose has a great capacity to retain moisture, and it also has appropriate mechanical properties, such as strength, Young’s modulus, elasticity and conformability [14,29,142]. The use of bacterial cellulose in skin reconstruction started long before the first appearance of the word “nanocellulose” in the ProQuest, WOS, and PubMed databases.…”

“…Similarly as in skin tissue engineering, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is considered to be one of the most suitable materials for wound dressing. This is due to its favorable physical, chemical and biological properties, as mentioned above, such as chemical purity, favorable mechanical properties, and water-absorbing capacity [14,29,56,142]. BNC itself, i.e., without any additives, showed a great capacity to stimulate wound healing, i.e., regeneration of the epidermis and dermis.…”

“…The distinction between the terms “nanofibrils” and “nanofibers” is often unspecified. For example, some authors have referred to the nanofibrils present in bacterial cellulose as “nanofibers” [12,13,14]. Similarly, very thin fibrous cellulosic structures with characteristics of nanofibrils, isolated from pineapple, have been referred to as “nanofibers” [15].…”

Nanocellulose in Biotechnology and Medicine: Focus on Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

“…In fact, bacterial cellulose is a hydrogel containing nanofibrils, which mimics the fibrillar component of natural extracellular matrix. Bacterial cellulose has a great capacity to retain moisture, and it also has appropriate mechanical properties, such as strength, Young's modulus, elasticity and conformability [11,21,193]. The use of bacterial cellulose in skin reconstruction started long before the first appearance of the word "nanocellulose" in the PubMed database.…”

“…The distinction between the terms "nanofibrils" and "nanofibers" is often unspecified. For example, some authors have referred to the nanofibrils present in bacterial cellulose as "nanofibers" [9][10][11]. Similarly, very thin fibrous cellulosic structures with characteristics of nanofibrils, isolated from pineapple, have been referred to as "nanofibers" [12].…”