Production of natural astaxanthin by Phaffia rhodozyma and its potential application in textile dyeing

Natural Pigments Production and Their Application in Food, Health and Other Industries

“…The main producers of astaxanthin are microalgae such as H. pluvialis and C. zofingiensis [39][40][41], yeast (P. rhodozyma and Rhodosporidium spp.) [39,42], easts such as P. rhodozyma and Rhodosporidium spp., as well as bacteria, includ-ing Paracoccus spp., Agrobacterium spp., Sphingomonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp.…”

Microbial astaxanthin: from bioprocessing to the market recognition

“…Recently, there is some improvements in the production of AXT using P. rhodozyma , for example, Jian et al ( 2017 ) cultivated these yeast cells in a medium containing Jerusalem artichoke extract in a 3-L bioreactor (at 22 °C) and after 5 days and half increased the production of AXT up to 108.9 mg/L. Recently, Mussagy et al ( 2022a , b , c , d ) evaluated the effect of xylose/glucose and light irradiation on the production of natural AXT using P. rhodozyma NRRL Y-17268 in a 4-L stirred tank bioreactor, achieving 503.6 μg/g DCW of AXT.…”

“…These conventional SLE and LLE conventional operation use nonpolar (or slightly polar) hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as extractant agents (e.g., acetone, hexane, and dimethyl sulfoxide) (Mussagy et al 2019 ). However, we are currently facing a climate change scenario and, therefore, the use of non-renewable and non-environmentally friendly solvents as extractants is avoided, as these significantly contribute to the worsening of the situation (Karimi 2020 ; Mussagy et al 2022a , b , c , d ).…”

A review of natural astaxanthin production in a circular bioeconomy context using Paracoccus carotinifaciens

“…The most popular producers of AXT are microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella zofingiensis) (Niizawa et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021), yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma and Rhodosporidium spp.) (Mussagy et al, 2021a;Mussagy et al, 2022c) and bacteria (Paracoccus spp., Agrobacterium spp., Sphingomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp.) (Lien et al, 2018).…”

“…Alongside the advantages, viz., high biomass production, low nutritional requirements for the intracellular accumulation of AXT and its extensive safety evaluation has revealed significant differences between Haematococcus pluvialis and other microbial sources (yeast and bacteria) (Mussagy et al, 2022a), resulting in a clear preference for this as natural cell factory by industries. Therefore, the use of yeast (P. rhodozyma) as biological system for producing AXT has been appearing as an interesting source alternative to produce AXT at industrial scale, due to the ability to convert low-cost carbon sources into AXT as well as reduced cultivation time (Mussagy et al, 2022c). However, the presence of a thick cell wall that needs additional highcost processing steps, such as sequentially cell-disruption and purification procedures (if necessary) for the efficient fractionation and recovery of AXT are the main drawback of these microbial sources (Mussagy et al, 2021a).…”