I would first like to thank the members of my committee for their time, support, and evaluation of my work. In particular to my adviser, Rex Tayloe, thank you for your guidance and expertise. You assisted me through the vast majority of my graduate career at IU, helped shape this thesis and analysis, and taught me what it is to be a physicist. It has been a privilege to work with you over these years. I would like to thank Indiana University and the Physics Department and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter in particular for making my graduate career possible. To the secretaries and staff, thank you for supporting the work of all graduate students with kindness and patience. I also thank the National Science Foundation for funding this research