Production of pelagic <i>Sargassum</i> and a blue‐green epiphyte in the western Sargasso Sea1

Carpenter, Edward; Cox, James L.

doi:10.4319/lo.1974.19.3.0429

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…According to Carpenter & Cox (1974), the distribution pattern of the Sargassum epiphytes can be directly correlated with differences in concentration of nutrients in the Sargasso Sea. Menzel et al (1963) and Menzel & Ryther (1960) have shown that low iron content limits the production of phytoplankton in the southern Sargasso Sea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution ofSargassum natans and some of its epibionts in the Sargasso Sea

Niermann

1986

Helgolander Meeresunters

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Sargassum was collected during the Sargasso Sea Eel Expedition in Spring 1979. On average, the morphological form type Sargassum natans (I) made up 85 % of the total wet weight of the samples. South of the thermal front, larger amounts of weeds were observed. Here, the bladder size of S. natans (I) was significantly smaller (surface 47 + 7 mm 2) than in the northern part (surface: 64 + 15 ram2), while phylloids showed no differences. The composition and density of some epibionts were examined. Membranipora tuberculata (Bryozoa), Clytia noliformis (Hydrozoa) and the calcarious algae "Melobesia sp." (Rhodophyta) were studied quantitatively according to different features at 17 stations. M. tuberculata was the most abundant epibiont followed by C. noliformis. Compared with these species, "'Melobesia sp." occurred in considerably lower quantities. M. tuberculata showed a preference for bladders rather than phylloids; C. noliformis was found more frequently on phylloids than on bladders. "Melobesia sp." did not show any preference.Frequency and abundance of these epibionts were higher north of the thermal front than south of this front. North of the front S. natans (I) was less abundant but bladders were larger.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Menzel et al (1963) and Menzel & Ryther (1960) have shown that low iron content limits the production of phytoplankton in the southern Sargasso Sea. The distribution pattern of the nitrogen-fixing Dichotrix, which occurs as an epiphyte on Sargassum, is linked with the available iron in this region (Carpenter & Cox, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution ofSargassum natans and some of its epibionts in the Sargasso Sea

Niermann

1986

Helgolander Meeresunters

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“…Growth experiments suggest little effect of temperature on Sargassum growth above 18°C (Carpenter & Cox 1974), with reduced growth below this temperature for both species (Hanisak & Samuel 1987). S. fluitans may experience low-temperature stress starting at 24°C (Hanisak & Samuel 1987), however observations of Sargassum below 18°C showed signs of distress and wilting (Winge 1923).…”

Section: Sargassum Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, Sargassum may not act as an entirely passive tracer, since its distribution can be influenced by growth and mortality in addition to advection. Sargassum primary production varies across its range (Carpenter & Cox 1974), and is generally higher in neritic waters with higher nutrient availability (Lapointe 1995). Pelagic Sargassum underpins a diverse ecosystem (Butler et al 1983, Laffoley et al 2011, Huffard et al 2014) supporting a wide range of fish species (Hoffmayer et al 2005) and playing a role in the migration of juvenile sea turtles (Carr & Meylan 1980, Witherington et al 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors controlling the seasonal distribution of pelagic Sargassum

Brooks¹,

Coles²,

Hood³

et al. 2018

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The standing crop of Dichothrix fucicola in the North Atlantic varies from about 1.5 mg g -1 Sargassum in the SW Sargasso Sea to about 70 mg g -1 Sargassum on the U.S. shelf off New Jersey and Delaware. These cyanobacteria may contribute substantially to primary production of the floating macroalgae (Carpenter & Cox 1974). Furthermore, as the dominant epiphyte on floating S. natans , Dichothrix fucicola contributes significantly to the overall epiphyte respiration of the Sargassum community (Smith et al 1973).…”

Section: Cyanobacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ecology of Rafting in the Marine Environment. Ii. the Rafting Organisms and Community

Thiel¹,

Gutow²

2005

Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review

351

394

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Rafting of marine and terrestrial organisms has been reported from a variety of substrata and from all major oceans of the world. Herein we present information on common rafting organisms and on ecological interactions during rafting voyages. An extensive literature review revealed a total of 1205 species, for which rafting was confirmed or inferred based on distributional or genetic evidence. Rafting organisms comprised cyanobacteria, algae, protists, invertebrates from most marine but also terrestrial phyla, and even a few terrestrial vertebrates. Marine hydrozoans, bryozoans, crustaceans and gastropods were the most common taxa that had been observed rafting. All major feeding types were represented among rafters, being dominated by grazing/boring and suspension-feeding organisms, which occurred on all floating substrata. Besides these principal trophic groups, predators/scavengers and detritus feeders were also reported. Motility of rafting organisms was highest on macroalgae and lowest on abiotic substrata such as plastics and volcanic pumice. Important trends were revealed for the reproductive biology of rafting organisms. A high proportion of clonal organisms (Cnidaria and Bryozoa) featured asexual reproduction, often in combination with sexual reproduction. Almost all rafting organisms have internal fertilisation, which may be due to the fact that gamete concentrations in the rafting environment are too low for successful fertilisation of external fertilisers. Following fertilisation, many rafting organisms incubate their offspring in/on their body or deposit embryos in egg masses on rafts. Local recruitment, where offspring settle in the immediate vicinity of parents, is considered an important advantage for establishing persistent local populations on a raft, or in new habitats. Some organisms are obligate rafters, spending their entire life cycle on a raft, but the large majority of reported rafters are considered facultative rafters. These organisms typically live in benthic (or terrestrial) habitats, but may become dispersed while being confined to a floating item. Substratum characteristics (complexity, surface, size) have important effects on the composition of the rafting community. While at sea, ecological interactions (facilitation, competition, predation) contribute to the community succession on rafts. Organisms capable to compete for and exploit resources on a raft (space and food) will be able to persist throughout community succession. The duration of rafting voyages is closely related to rafting distances, which may cover various geographical scales. In chronological order, three features of an organism gain in importance during rafting, these being ability to (1) hold onto floating items, (2) establish and compete successfully and (3) develop persistent local MARTIN THIEL & LARS GUTOW 280 populations during a long voyage. Small organisms that do not feed on their floating substratum and, with asexual reproduction or direct development, combine all these features appear to be mos...

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Production of pelagic Sargassum and a blue‐green epiphyte in the western Sargasso Sea1

Cited by 49 publications

References 9 publications

Distribution ofSargassum natans and some of its epibionts in the Sargasso Sea

Distribution ofSargassum natans and some of its epibionts in the Sargasso Sea

Factors controlling the seasonal distribution of pelagic Sargassum

The Ecology of Rafting in the Marine Environment. Ii. the Rafting Organisms and Community

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