Production of Reactive Oxygen (ROS) and Nitrogen (RNS) Species in Macrophages J774A.1 Activated by the Interaction between Two Escherichia coli Pathotypes and Two Probiotic Commercial Strains

Abstract

Probiotics play an important role against infectious pathogens, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), mainly through the production of antimicrobial compounds and their immunomodulatory effect. This protection can be detected both on the live probiotic microorganisms and in their inactive forms (paraprobiotics). Probiotics may affect different cells involved in immunity, such as macrophages. Macrophages are activated through contact with microorganisms or their products (lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins or cell walls). The aim of this work was the evaluation of the effect of two probiotic bacteria (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 on macrophage cell line J774A.1 when challenged with two pathogenic strains of E. coli. Macrophage activation was revealed through the detection of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species by flow cytometry. The effect varied depending on the kind of probiotic preparation (immunobiotic, paraprobiotic or postbiotic) and on the strain of E. coli (enterohemorrhagic or enteropathogenic). A clear immunomodulatory effect was observed in all cases. A higher production of ROS compared with RNS was also observed.

Editorial for the Special Issue “Food and Microbial Bioprocesses”

“…Also, it must be borne in mind that one of the first steps in the production stage is knowledge of the matrixes that constitute the bioproducts and their relations with microbial kinetics and, it is precisely in this area that this Special Issue was conceived (Figure 1), which consists of state-of-the-art original contributing articles covering key aspects of the relations of microorganisms with food-related materials and bioprocesses, which were as follows. First, the production of ROS and RNS in macrophages activated by the interaction of probiotic bacteria and Escherichia coli pathotypes [1]. Such activation was revealed through flow cytometry, and it was observed that the detected effects depended on the kind of probiotic used and on the strain of E. coli used.…”