Production of renewable toluene from biomass-derived furans via Diels-Alder and dehydration reactions: A comparative study of Lewis acid catalysts

Multi‐site Cooperativity in Alkali‐Metal‐Exchanged Faujasites for the Production of Biomass‐Derived Aromatics

“…The common catalysts are Brønsted acidic large‐pore zeolites such as HY and HBEA, or Lewis acidic zeolites such as the alkali‐metal‐exchanged faujasites and Sn‐, Zr‐ or Ti‐doped beta polymorph A (BEA) . The DACD reaction of 2‐methylfuran with ethylene over heterogeneous Lewis acid faujasites and homogeneous Lewis acid metal chloride catalysts has been studied by Wijaya et al . Dehydrative aromatization of the cycloadduct originating from the DAC reaction of furanic compounds with ethanol in the presence of Brønsted acidic zeolite catalysts was studied by Tsang et al .…”

“…An alternative route to TPA by directly using biomass-derived oxygenated furanici ntermediates in aD ACD reactioni st herefore more appealing and potentially more atom-efficient. [32] In recent years,m anye xperimental [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] and theoretical [44][45][46] studies have been devoted to the DACD conversion of furanic compounds and alkenes to aromatics over different heterogeneous catalysts. Mosts tudies focusedo nt he DACD reactiono f 2,5-DMF with ethylene to produce para-xylene.…”

“…The common catalysts are Brønsted acidic large-pore zeolites such as HY [33,42] and HBEA, [35,44] or Lewis acidic zeolitess uch as the alkali-metalexchanged faujasites [46,47] and Sn-, Zr-or Ti-doped beta polymorph A( BEA). [36] The DACD reactiono f2 -methylfuran with ethylene over heterogeneousL ewis acid faujasites and homogeneous Lewis acid metal chloride catalysts has been studied by Wijaya et al [37] Dehydrative aromatization of the cycloadduct originating from the DAC reaction of furanic compounds with ethanol in the presence of Brønsted acidic zeolite catalysts wass tudied by Tsang et al [38] and Zhao et al [39] The DACD conversion of furan and acrylic acid over Hf-, Zr-andS n-BEA was investigated by Mahmoude tal. [40] The conversion of highly oxygenated furanicc ompoundsw ith ethylene over Lewis acidic Sn-BEAc atalystst owardso xygenated aromatic compounds was originally described by the group of Davis [41] and subsequently investigated in detail by Bell and co-workers.…”

Excellent Performances of Dealuminated H‐Beta Zeolites from Organotemplate‐Free Synthesis in Conversion of Biomass‐derived 2,5‐Dimethylfuran to Renewable p‐Xylene

“…showed that Brønsted acidity is essential for dehydration of the adduct. However, other reports claimed that Lewis acids alone can also catalyze this reaction . For instance, Chang et al .…”

“…However,o ther reports claimed that Lewis acids alone can also catalyzet his reaction. [15,16] For instance, Chang et al [15] demonstratedt hat Zr-, Sn-, or Ti-beta zeolite with only Lewis acidity can produce PX from 2,5-DMF and ethylene similarly to the Brønsted acid catalysts. Thus,t he acid type has a great influence on this reaction.…”