Production of sulfate aerosol precursors in the turbine and exhaust nozzle of an aircraft engine

Lukachko, Stephen P.; Waitz, Ian A.; Miake-Lye, Richard C.; Brown, Robert C.; Anderson, Mark R.

doi:10.1029/98jd00684

Cited by 38 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The small fractions of HONO compared to NO and NO x are expected [2,3]. These ratios also show no dependence on sulfur loading, and a decrease in going from cruise to uprated cruise power.…”

Section: Combustor Precursor Aerosol Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The difficulty in measuring the transient sulfur species SO 3 may be circumvented through a combination of modeling of the sulfur oxidation and measurement of the final oxidative product H 2 SO 4 . The HONO levels measured in this study indicate that HONO can be a significant NO y emission, approaching levels often observed for NO 2 , and indicate that HONO should be included in any NO y emissions budget. This study demonstrates that 1) the gaseous emissions that leave the combustor experience an oxidative environment in the engine's turbine and nozzle, 2) the particles generated in the combustor do not change their physical characteristics such as number and size during their transit through the hot section, and 3) little or no correlation can be drawn between smoke number and the physical characteristics of the emission aerosol in either combustor or engine nozzle exhaust.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Species concentrations were calculated based on chemical equilibrium and adjusted for known measured species concerntrations [2,[18][19][20]. Combustor exit conditions were matched with actual engine measurements along with estimates for species and flow parameters not measured in the tests.…”

Section: Modeling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reacting flow modeling of the internal gas path of the engine was based on methods previously developed [2,[18][19][20]. To model the postcombustor evolution of trace chemistry, a computational fluid calculation is used to simulate the nozzle guide vane (NGV) and the rotor of the first high pressure turbine (HPT1) stage.…”

Section: Modeling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SO 3 is of added interest due to its role as an intermediate in forming H 2 SO 4 , which has been implicated in the formation of additional volatile sulfate aerosol after the exhaust has left the engine. Because SO 2 and NO are the source gases for SO 3 and HONO produced in the turbine, their measurement is important for complete quantification of SO x and NO y [2,3]. SO x consists of SO 2 and its oxidation products, especially SO 3 and H 2 SO 4 in aircraft exhaust.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Carbonaceous Aerosol and Aerosol Precursor Emissions Through a Jet Engine

Brundish¹,

Clague²,

Wilson³

et al. 2007

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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This study conducted during the summers of 2000 and 2001 represents the first measurement and model intercomparison that tracks detailed gaseous and aerosol emissions through a gas turbine engine. Its primary objective was to determine the impacts of engine operational state on the evolution of carbonaceous aerosol and aerosol precursors. Emissions measurements were performed at the exit of a combustor and at the exit of a full engine for a gas turbine engine typical of the in-service, commercial aircraft fleet. Measurements were compared to model simulations of changes in gaseous chemistry. As predicted by the model simulations, results show no significant modifications to the aerosol distribution along the postcombustor flowpath. The oxidation of NO to HONO was measured. Trends with engine power setting and sulfur loading were at the level of estimated uncertainty limits. Simulations of the fluid and chemical processes through the turbine and exhaust nozzle correctly captured HONO trends and matched experimental data within measurement uncertainty. This suggests that the employed modeling approach is valid for HONO chemistry, and more generally, because HONO results from NO oxidation via the hydroxyl radical, indicates the importance of OH-driven oxidation through the engine. These results indicate that the chemical and physical processes occurring in the turbine are important in determining aircraft engine emissions. Nomenclature d g = geometric mean diameter EIM = mass based emission index EIN = number based emission index EISA = surface area based emission index M = mass N = size distribution in terms of number V = volume g = geometric standard deviation

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Section: Combustor Precursor Aerosol Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Modeling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modeling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evolution of Carbonaceous Aerosol and Aerosol Precursor Emissions Through a Jet Engine

Brundish¹,

Clague²,

Wilson³

et al. 2007

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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Evaluation of the relationship between the aerothermodynamic process and operational parameters in the high-pressure turbine of an aircraft engine

Nguyen

Garnier

2019

Aerospace Science and Technology

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Gaseous SO3 and H2SO4 in the exhaust of an aircraft gas turbine engine: measurements by CIMS and implications for fuel sulfur conversion to sulfur (VI) and conversion of SO3 to H2SO4

Sorokin

Katragkou

Arnold

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

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An estimation of the conversion efficiency (ε) of fuel sulfur to SO3 and H2SO4, where ε = ([SO3] + [H2SO4])/[ST] and [ST] is the total sulfur atom concentration in the exhaust at the exit of an aircraft gas-turbine combustor, was derived from measurements by comparison with model results. The major results of the presented CIMS experiments and their interpretation with a model simulation are: (i) The efficiency is ε = 2.3 ± 1 % at an exhaust age of about 5 ms from the combustor exit; (ii) The SO3 molecules represent a major fraction of sulfur (VI) gases εA < 50 % and an essential SO3-conversion to H2SO4 takes place in the sampling line where the exhaust gases spend a sufficiently long time and where the temperature is lower than in the hot exhaust. The coincidence of ε from our work (measurements with the sampling point in the exhaust just behind the combustor exit) and ε the measurements in an exhaust at a plume age of about 1 s suggests that the sulfur (VI) formation is inefficient in the post-combustor flow inside the aircraft engine

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Production of sulfate aerosol precursors in the turbine and exhaust nozzle of an aircraft engine

Cited by 38 publications

References 43 publications

Evolution of Carbonaceous Aerosol and Aerosol Precursor Emissions Through a Jet Engine

Evolution of Carbonaceous Aerosol and Aerosol Precursor Emissions Through a Jet Engine

Evaluation of the relationship between the aerothermodynamic process and operational parameters in the high-pressure turbine of an aircraft engine

Gaseous SO3 and H2SO4 in the exhaust of an aircraft gas turbine engine: measurements by CIMS and implications for fuel sulfur conversion to sulfur (VI) and conversion of SO3 to H2SO4

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