Production of Tannin-based Natural Dye from Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Tree Bark Waste from Wood Chips Industry : A Feasibility Study

Abstract

The potential effect of synthetic textile dyes towards human health and environment is much severe. Currently available dye in national and global market is dominated by synthetic commercial dye from various producers. Meanwhile, Indonesia demand for textile dye is increasing, but is not followed by production rate of textile dye. Producing environmentally friendly natural dye, which can compete in the global market, may solve those problems. A potential natural dye may be produced from tannin which is extracted from Mangrove bark. It has high yield with purity of 95% tannin (w/w) with solvent extraction method under moderate temperature condition. Mangrove tree bark is obtained from the side product of wood chips production. There are four species of Mangrove available for wood logging and chips producing activities namely Rhizophora Apiculata, Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza, B., Bruguiera Parviflora, and Ceriops Tagal. Mangrove can spread out the seed through the sea water naturally, making this wood reproduces widely and quickly. With proper treatment and logging management, considering the growth rate of mangrove, the sustainability of raw material is assured. The production of tannin will take place nearby the wood chips production. From 540 tonnes/month of mangrove bark as raw material, a 67 tonnes/month product could be extracted. The process will be carried out in small scale plant on empty land with area of 3.6 Ha. This plant has three units: raw material preparation, synthesis, and product purification. The product has desired purity and specification, and can be sold commercially. It also has the expected cash flow, and the profitability analysis result is also stunning. With Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) of Rp 141,896,000,000.- and operational Expenditure (OPEX) of Rp 28,842,000,000.-, the plant has Return on Investment of 27%. It has pay out time of 2.77 year, 19.08% DCFRR, Break Even Point at 40.85%, Shutdown Point at 10.25 %, IRR of 9.90%, and Net Present Value at Rp7,601,000,000.-. This investment also proves that at 5% change of raw material and products cost, the plant still overcomes the change and defend its profit state, making this investment feasible.

Prospects of The Development of The Sustainable Natural Textile Dye Industry: A Systematic Literature Review

“…In the coloring process, most of these SMEs use synthetic dyes. The continuous use of synthetic dyes can affect human health and the environment [2]. Currently, dyes available in the national and global markets are dominated by commercial synthetic dyes from various manufacturers.…”

“…Using natural dyes as an alternative to synthetic dyes is one way to reduce the harmful effects of synthetic dye waste [2] [3]. The best way to achieve the goal of a sustainable and environmentally friendly textile business is to use natural dyes [4].…”

Drying of Merbau (<i>Intsia bijuga</i>) Sawdust Extract: Effect of Temperature on the Quality of Natural Dye Product

“…However, the drawback is that synthetic dyes can produce carcinogenic, toxic, and mutagenic wastes, harming the living things around them. Therefore, it is necessary to empower natural dyes more [8].…”

“…Natural dyes are often obtained from plants with color pigments in their roots, stems, leaves, fruit, and skin [8][9][10][11]. There are two various ways to isolate the natural dyes, which are: (a) extraction of natural dyes with water or organic solvent at high or low temperatures for a specific time [12], and (b) extraction of natural dyes by hydrolyzing the material with acids or bases, according to its polarity.…”

“…Various studies have been conducted on numerous plants to produce natural dyes [8,10]. Many plants in Indonesia can be utilized as natural sources of dyes, such as Indigofera, turmeric, tegeran wood.…”