Production of Washed Bottom Ash as Sand Replacement Material in Concrete Paving Block

Abstract

Concrete Paving Block (CPB) is made by mixing sand, gravel, cement, and water and is used in non-traffic and traffic areas. The CPB is proposed in a variety of shapes, sizes, colours, and materials. The demand for the CPB is increased in line by increasing in residential houses and building construction, and infrastructure activity. The advantages of CPB when compared with the rigid and flexible pavement is a more beautiful and interactive surface, fast-paced production without high technology equipment or skilled worker, and also creating a balanced humidity. Nowadays, concrete using waste materials such as cement, sand, or gravel replacement becomes more popular which supported the sustainable development requirement and goal. The replacement activity of concrete ingredients for promoting waste material with low carbon content in CPB is also part of the sustainable development programme which reduced the environmental impact of the waste material or production of natural concrete ingredients and cost production. With the intention of the issue, the CPB using bottom ash (BA) which is washed to reduce the carbon content is produced and tested for skid resistance, water absorption, and mechanical behaviour. The chemical and physical behaviour of WBA is conducted and shown the suitability to replace sand in CPB. The compressive strength of WBA with 100% of sand replacement in CPB illustrates the maximum load and compressive strength of approximately 1198.35 kN and 30.73 MPa and is appropriately used for paving blocks.

Laboratory Innovation to Investigate Concrete Paving Blocks Compressive Strength

“…This research demonstrates fundamental differences in the results obtained from testing blocks and cubes for CPB using data featuring different thicknesses, even from mixtures with the same composition and materials. Other researchers have reported similar findings, stating that the difference in compressive strength values is noticeable when comparing different thicknesses [3,7,14]. In the current study, the block test produced higher compressive strength values than the cube test for the same material, and such a difference became more pronounced as the thickness of the CPB decreased.…”

“…Figure 10 shows the changes in compressive strength observed at ages 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for samples with a thickness of 8 cm. The curing process lasted 28 days to determine changes in compressive strength values [14,38]. In general, compressive strength values approaching the maximum in CPB take 28 days, and during this period, the compressive strength of CPB increases significantly.…”

“…Another advantage is its ability to withstand heavy static traffic loads and its ease of adjustment to suit different layouts [13]. As a result, the CPB industry has continued to develop this construction material with product innovation in increasingly diverse shapes and sizes to meet a wide range of needs [14,15].…”