Production of Workpieces from Martensitic Stainless Steel Using Electron-Beam Surfacing and Investigation of Cutting Forces When Milling Workpieces

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate cutting force when milling 40 × 13 stainless steel samples obtained via electron-beam surfacing. The samples were obtained by surfacing the wire made from the martensitic 40 × 13 stainless steel. The microstructure of the samples and the hardness are discussed in the present study. Emphasis is placed on the study of cutting forces when handling the samples. The structure of the samples obtained by electron-beam surfacing consisted of tempered martensite. The average hardness of the samples was similar to the hardness obtained after quenching and tempering the samples—576 HV for horizontally printed workpieces and 525 HV for vertically printed workpieces. High-speed milling, high-efficiency milling, and conventional milling have been proven to be suitable for handling such workpieces. This study shows that an increase in milling width leads to a gradual decrease in specific cutting force. As the milling depth increases, the specific cutting force decreases intensively at first but then more slowly with time. Machining the workpieces made of the martensitic stainless steel and produced by electron-beam surfacing requires the use of purely carbide mills with a diameter of at least 12 mm. Using a high-speed steel as a tool material results in the rapid failure of the tool. The cutting conditions during the investigation allowed for a decrease in the temperature of the cutting edge, cutting force, and the low-rigid end mill bending. Therefore, this study has made it possible to select modes that allow for a reduction in the vibration of the lathe-fixture-tool-part system.

Main concepts of regional development of the agricultural sector in the context of the green economy paradigm

“…In our opinion, the regional development of the agricultural sector should be understood as a naturaladapted model of the region, which has an economically productive and socially effective functioning environment based on the ecologisation of life [22]. For many years, the idea of eco-cities in the context of regional development was only proclaimed and not implemented.…”

Constant angle line of distributing seeds and fertilisers by a horizontal centrifugal machine

“…Figure 5a shows the calculation of the coordinates of the line of a constant throwing angle by the third method. Figure 5b shows the error of the coordinates of the line of a constant throwing angle by the second and third methods of calculation [19,20]. Analysing the data (see Fig.…”

Moisture Effects on Qualities and Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Additive Manufacturing of As-Built 17-4PH Stainless Steel Parts

“…However, there seems to be no comprehensive investigation of the effects of coupled VEDs with moisture on both the as-built qualities and properties, which can still give rise to challenges in ensuring the as-built qualities even if one of them is optimized. Particularly, compared with other additive manufacturing techniques, such as wire arc additive manufacturing, it is believed that humidity could have a more negative effect on as-built parts fabricated by the LPBF process [33]. To address these issues, this study aims to systematically investigate the effect of powder moisture and VEDs on the as-built qualities of 17-4PH stainless steel parts by evaluating the melt pool dimension, density, and hardness.…”