Production Scheduling of Open Pit Mines Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Khan, Asif; Niemann-Delius, Christian

doi:10.1155/2014/208502

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Batasan dari nilai cut-off grade kemudian akan digunakan sebagai batasan bukaan penambangan yang umumnya berbentuk pit [2], [3], [4]. Penjadwalan kemudian bisa dilakukan dengan berbagai parameter baik secara statis ataupun dinamis setelah bentuk pit ditetapkan pada tahap sebelumnya [5], [6]. Algoritma dapat dibentuk secara terpisah pada setiap tahap perencanaan tambang terbuka.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Review Perkembangan Algoritma Optimasi Stope untuk Tambang Bawah Tanah

2020

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Proses optimasi stope merupakan salah satu tahapan penting pada perencanaan tambang bawah tanah dengan metode stoping. Kompleksitas dari parameter pada penambangan bawah tanah mengharuskan proses optimasi dilakukan dengan sistematis dan komprehensif sehingga menghasilkan suatu rancangan yang optimum dimana dihasilkan nilai keuntungan yang maksimum. Penggunaan algoritma optimasi stope saat ini menjadi solusi yang banyak diterapkan untuk dapat melakukan optimasi secara cepat dan efisien. Namun demikian, algoritma optimasi stope yang telah dikembangkan hingga saat ini masih berfokus pada parameter ekonomi. Parameter geomekanika sebagai salah satu parameter penting dalam desain tambang bawah tanah seringkali disederhanakan pada saat proses optimasi stope. Penyederhanaan ini dilakukan dengan memberikan sebuah dimensi tetap untuk stope pada proses optimasi. Pada tambang bawah tanah, desain stope sangat dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan massa batuan yang dapat secara signifikan berbeda dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Oleh karena itu, penyederhanaan dimensi secara tidak langsung akan memberikan kondisi yang tidak optimal pada berbagai algoritma optimasi yang sudah dikembangkan saat ini. Penelitian ini mengulas cara kerja berbagai algoritma optimasi stope yang telah dikembangkan dan menekankan pentingnya peran parameter geomekanika dalam algoritma optimasi sehingga hasil optimasi akan semakin mendekati kondisi optimal. Kata-kata kunci: optimasi stope, penambangan bawah tanah, algoritma, geomekanika, desain penambangan.

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Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Review Perkembangan Algoritma Optimasi Stope untuk Tambang Bawah Tanah

2020

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“…R t Mand R t M + represent the shortage or excess amount of rock (ore plus waste) produced in period t. The value of the penalty is problem-dependent and is obtained for each problem by trial and error. A detailed description of the procedure can be found in Khan and Niemann-Delius (2014). The pseudo codes of applying the PSO and bat algorithms to the open pit mine scheduling problem using this proposed procedure are given in algorithms 3 and 4.…”

Section: Subject Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An extension of the framework previously formulated by the authors (Khan and Niemann-Delius, 2014) has been presented. This extended framework can account for grade uncertainty in the production scheduling process for open pit mines.…”

Section: Subject Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term production scheduling of open pit mines using particle swarm and bat algorithms under grade uncertainty

Khan

2018

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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Long-term production scheduling is an important and integral part of the planning process for any open pit mine. It aims to define an extraction sequence of the mineralized material from the ground that produces the maximum possible discounted profit, i.e. NPV, while satisfying a set of physical and operational constraints. In the conventional approaches, the planning process usually starts with the construction of a geological block model that divides the orebody and the surrounding rock into three-dimensional arrays of regular, usually identical-sized, blocks. A set of attributes such as grade, specific gravity etc. is then assigned to each of these blocks, estimated using some form of spatial interpolation technique e.g. kriging, inverse distance method etc. and the drill-hole sample data. The blocks are then divided into two groups -waste and ore blocks. The blocks for which the prospective profit exceeds the processing cost are categorized as ore, while the rest are the waste blocks. An economic value is then assigned to each of these individual blocks by taking into account the group to which they belong, their respective estimated grade or metal content, the recovery, and the economic parameters such as metal price, mining cost, and processing costs. The ultimate pit limits (UPLs) are then determined using this economic block model, followed by the more complex production scheduling problem to define the most profitable annual extraction sequence of the blocks lying inside the ULP while satisfying different physical and operational constraints.A major drawback of this approach is its assumption that all the input parameters are known with certainty, while on the contrary a certain degree of uncertainty is almost always associated with these parameters, and ignoring this may result into unrealistic and erroneous scheduling decisions. The uncertainty in the input parameters may be caused by different economic and technical factors such as metal prices, currency exchange rates, mining and processing costs, and block grades. The graderelated uncertainty is considered to be the most important source of uncertainty for the scheduling process for open pit mines and is the main focus of study in this paper. The grade uncertainty stems from the fact that the grade values of the individual blocks are estimated using very limited drill-hole sample data, and usually a significant and variable level of uncertainty is associated with each of these estimated values. Geostatistical conditional simulation techniques provide a framework to generate multiple, equally probable realizations of the orebody's Long-term production scheduling for open pit mines is a large-scale, complex optimization problem involving large data-sets, multiple hard and soft constraints, and uncertainty in the input parameters. Uncertainty in the input parameters may be caused by different geological, economic, or technical factors. The uncertainty caused by geological factors, which is commonly termed geological or grade uncertainty, is considered ...

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“…Design in mines can be categorized into deterministic and stochastic-based approaches. Deterministic open-pit production was first addressed in 1968 [2] and developed in many methods, such as integer programming [3,4], complex integer programming [5,6], dynamic programming [7], and metaheuristic approaches (e.g., genetic algorithms [8], particle swarm optimization [9], and ants colony algorithm [10,11]. The main issue of this approach is the input parameter assumptions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Open Pit Mines using 3D Model in Two-element Deposits under Price Uncertainty

Kakha

2022

IJE

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When it comes to evaluating mining projects, uncertainty plays a significant role, particularly in the analysis of mining economic characteristics, which makes the assessment of a mining project erroneous and untrustworthy. The volatility of mineral prices is a major cause of economic ambiguity and concern. Economic uncertainty has extensively been examined in mining production project planning, but the majority of the study has focused on single-element deposits, with little emphasis devoted to the significance of pricing uncertainty in two-element deposits. Using a three-dimensional tree model, this study investigates how design could be affected by the pricing uncertainty of two different elements. In this model, not only annual volatility but also monthly volatility were considered due to momentary changes in the price of several elements. To authenticate the proposed model, a numerical example was resolved using discounted cash flow, binomial tree, pyramid tree, and three-dimensional modeling techniques. The results of each approach were compared to those of real-world data. Following the findings of the current investigation, it can be concluded that the values derived from the suggested model (a net present value of $ 324.2 thousand) are more precise than the values acquired from other approaches, and that they are just 8% out of step with reality. Other methods, on the other hand, come up with results that are at least 17% and at most 39% different from those that come from real data.

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Production Scheduling of Open Pit Mines Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Review Perkembangan Algoritma Optimasi Stope untuk Tambang Bawah Tanah

Review Perkembangan Algoritma Optimasi Stope untuk Tambang Bawah Tanah

Long-term production scheduling of open pit mines using particle swarm and bat algorithms under grade uncertainty

Design of Open Pit Mines using 3D Model in Two-element Deposits under Price Uncertainty

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