“…Additionally, prior research in BTOF has studied many types of subsequent actions by the firm such as risk-taking (Bromiley, 1991), R&D expenditure (Chen, 2008), innovation (Greve, 2003), new market entry (Lim, 2019;Ref and Shapira, 2017), new product introduction (Brooks et al, 2023), acquisition and divestiture (Kuusela et al, 2017;Mishra, 2023), strategic investments (Zhang and Gong, 2018), non-productive outcomes such as selling and business entertainment (Tian and Hu, 2023), financial fraud (Harris and Bromiley, 2007;Xu et al, 2019), boundary spanning (Klueter and Monteiro, 2017), and capital allocation (Mazzelli et al, 2019). However, although many such variables have been broadly recognized as a change in the firm's strategy, the broader concept of strategic change has rarely been directly studied.…”