Productivity and Energetics of Raising Rice-Arhar Concerning Sowing Windows Under Different Nutrient Management and Crop Geometry

Abstract

As a staple food, rice plays a central role in the food security and economic growth of India. Rice cultivation was mostly adopted in India because of the climatic condition suitable for the crop, which uses large quantities of locally available noncommercial energy, such as manure and animal energy, and commercial energy directly and indirectly in the form of seed, diesel, electricity, fertilizer, plant protection chemicals, irrigation water, machinery, etc. Under this investigation, the mean system yield (10466 kg ha-1), production efficiency (43.9 kg REY ha-1 day-1), energy use efficiency (12.08), energy efficiency ratio (5.13), energy productivity (0.35 kg REY MJ-1), energy profitability (11.08) was highest in early planting (10 July) than 15 days delay in planting. The STBFR+GM treated plot recorded mean energy use efficiency of 11.77, energy efficiency ratio of 5.05, energy productivity of 0.34 kg MJ-1, and energy profitability of 10.77 followed by STBFR+FYM and STBFR alone. STBFR+FYM resulted in higher system yield (9715 kg ha-1) and gross returns (₹ 183462 ha-1) while STBFR+GM during both the years of study resulted in gaining more net return (₹ 83490 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.83) and production efficiency (41.4 kg REY ha-1 day-1) showing its superiority to other nutrient combinations.