Productivity and growth rate in Palmaria palmata affected by salinity, irradiance, and nutrient availability—the use of nutrient pulses and interventional cultivation

Concise review of the red macroalga dulse, Palmaria palmata (L.) Weber & Mohr

“…Monthly samples of P. palmata in the Isle of Man revealed a similar pattern of mature tetrasporophytes and male gametophytes being observed from November to July (Kain 1982). This is also supported by observations of mature specimens (tetrasporophytes and male gametophytes) from late autumn to late spring along the Eastern coast of the North Atlantic (Faes and Viejo 2003;Le Gall et al 2004a;Pang and Lüning 2006;Edwards 2007;Werner and Dring 2011a;Schmedes and Nielsen 2020b) and Greenland (Rosenvinge 1898;Jónsson 1904). However, Bird and McLachlan (1992) describes P. palmata as fertile in summer to late autumn for the Maritime Provinces of Canada, although "well-developed and fertile fronds are found throughout the year".…”

“…A strong photosynthesis inhibition and mortality at 15 PSU was reported for P. palmata from Spitzbergen under controlled conditions (Karsten et al 2003). In contrast, the specific growth rate of individual fronds originating from Danish inner-waters and cultivated in tanks was maximal at 15 PSU compared to 25 and 35 PSU (Schmedes and Nielsen 2020b) suggesting that ecotypes of P. palmata are adapted to a wide range of salinity conditions.…”

“…Small scale experiments of P. palmata cultivation have been carried out in tanks based on the vegetative propagation of juvenile fronds (Morgan et al 1980a), whole adult thalli (Pang and Lüning 2004a;Corey et al 2014), apical meristematic thallus pieces (Morgan and Simpson 1981a, b;Pang and Lüning 2006), marginal proliferations Schmedes and Nielsen 2020b) and isolated meristematic fragments as starting material for land-based cultivation. While acceptable growth rates have been achieved under experimental settings e.g.…”

Hyposalinity affects diurnal photoacclimation patterns in the rhodophyte Palmaria palmata under mimicked Arctic summer conditions

“…In general, zeaxanthin and lutein are affected by decreased salinity in P. palmata and may interfere with the process of thermal energy regulation by NPQ. Palmaria palmata, mainly distributed in cold/temperate waters of the North Atlantic [25], towards the coasts of Europe, inhabits the Atlantic coast, up to the entrance of the Baltic Sea (Kattegat coasts), its range being limited by to the decreasing salinity in this area [20,69,70]. Therefore, salinity strongly controls the distribution of P. palmata.…”

“…In this respect, the red algal species Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) F. Weber & D. Mohr is of great interest due to its wide distribution range in the North Atlantic, including the Arctic zone [18,19], being able to inhabit low salinity areas, such as the Fornaes area, Baltic Sea, where salinity ranges from S A 27.5 -15 [20]. It is widely used in the food industry, aquaculture, cosmetics, amongst others [17,21].…”