“…The adoption of full automation in this industry is low (Nemec et al, 2003). There are several perspectives of research in the footwear industry, such as productivity improvement, sequencing problem, production planning, scheduling problem, automation of planning, production, and distribution processes (Calderón-Andrade et al, 2020;Castillo-Castañeda et al, 2021;Jimeno-Morenilla et al, 2021;Nemec et al, 2003;Sadeghi et al, 2021). Castillo-Castañeda et al (2021) adopted the lean concept to increase productivity and reduce reprocessing.…”