“…The sunflower root system in such sowings does not use water and nutrients fully enough, the plants use solar energy incompletely, and with an increase in the number of plants in a row, the competition for growth factors increases, which can manifest itself from the initial phases of development and hinder the realization of the productivity potential. As a result, researchers often fail to raise the sunflower yield by increasing the plant density (Ludanova et al, 2015;Vladimirov and Chugunov, 2018;Kurbanov et al, 2018;Lukomets and Tishkov, 2019;Tishkov and Shkarupa, 2020). In addition, this method of sowing does not consider the biological characteristics of individual genotypes, in particular, the height, number and size of leaves, the shape of the leaf blade and the general habitus of plants.…”