2016
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.03.0100
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Profenofos, an Acetylcholinesterase‐Inhibiting Organophosphorus Pesticide: A Short Review of Its Usage, Toxicity, and Biodegradation

Abstract: Pesticides play an important role in the protection of different crops. Among the diverse sets of pesticides used all over the world, the organophosphates are the most widely used group. Profenofos [O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate] is one of the most largely used organophosphate insecticides on field crops, vegetables, and fruit crops. The World Health Organization classifies this compound as moderately hazardous (Toxicity Class II), and its residues have been found in vegetables l… Show more

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Cited by 80 publications
(33 citation statements)
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“…Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degrades acetylcholine and also can stop the excitatory effects of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane and ensure the normal transmission of neural signals in the body, so AChE plays a key role in the biological nerve conduction between cholinergic synapses [ 4 ]. OPs inhibit the activity of AChE in living organisms, leading to metabolic disorders of acetylcholine, delayed neurotoxicity, movement disorders, coma, paralysis of the respiratory center, and even death [ [5] , [6] , [7] ] (see Scheme 1 ).
Scheme 1 Mechanism of detecting organophosphorus pesticides based on g-C 3 N 4 /AgNPs.
…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degrades acetylcholine and also can stop the excitatory effects of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane and ensure the normal transmission of neural signals in the body, so AChE plays a key role in the biological nerve conduction between cholinergic synapses [ 4 ]. OPs inhibit the activity of AChE in living organisms, leading to metabolic disorders of acetylcholine, delayed neurotoxicity, movement disorders, coma, paralysis of the respiratory center, and even death [ [5] , [6] , [7] ] (see Scheme 1 ).
Scheme 1 Mechanism of detecting organophosphorus pesticides based on g-C 3 N 4 /AgNPs.
…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Exposure to OP insecticides can lead to acute or chronic poisoning. The acute toxicity of OP insecticides is mainly due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (Colovic et al, 2013; Kushwaha et al, 2016). However, AChE inhibition alone cannot explain a wide range of OP neurotoxicities, which includes deficits in cognition, learning and memory, depression, psychotic symptoms and other neurotoxicity when victims were exposed to OP insecticides at low doses and over a prolonged period (Casida and Quistad, 2004; Beseler and Stallones, 2008; Briceno et al, 2016; Campos et al, 2016; Voorhees et al, 2017).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Profenofos is an OP insecticide widely used on a variety of crops including cotton and vegetables, such as maize, potato, soybean, and sugar beet. In the United States, it is used exclusively on cotton and is primarily used against lepidopteran insects (US EPA, 2000; Kushwaha et al, 2016). Tubulin was selected for this study because covalent binding of OPs to tubulin is a potential mechanism of neurotoxicity (Jiang et al, 2010; Kushwaha et al, 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Scheme A shows the mechanism of action acetylation and deacetylation of AChE. In general, enzymesubstrate complex is formed by the electrostatic attraction between an anionic site (the negative charge of the anionic site is due to the carboxylate anion of aspartic or glutamic acid) on the enzyme AChE and the positively charged nitrogen atom of the ACh on the human enzyme [9,10]. Acetylation of a serine hydroxyl (OH) in the esteric site of the enzyme AChE [Scheme A(i)] is catalyzed by the basic imidazole moiety of histidine, which interacts with the carboxyl group of glutamate (serine, histidine, and glutamate are part of a catalytic triad of esteric site of the enzyme AChE), leading to an acetylated enzyme.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%