Professional Entomology and the 44 Noisy Years Since
Silent Spring
Part 2: Response to
Silent Spring

Krupke, Christian H.; Prasad, Renée Priya; Anelli, Carol M.

doi:10.1093/ae/53.1.16

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Since 1960, agricultural intensification and a corresponding rise in pesticide use has been an environmental concern due to contamination of soil-water-air and movement of chemicals through the trophic chain (Carson, 1962;Krupke et al, 2007;Epstein, 2014;. Because broad-spectrum pesticides are, by nature, not specific to focal pests, they can affect non-target beneficial organisms (i.e., pollinators, parasitoids, predators) inhabiting crops, as well as unmanaged habitats neighboring agricultural land (Longley and Sotherton, 1997;Aktar et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Pesticide Exposure Risk for Monarch Caterpillars on Milkweeds Bordering Agricultural Land

Olaya-Arenas

Kaplan

2019

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Monarch butterflies are undergoing a long-term population decline, which has led to a search for potential causes underlying this pattern. One poorly studied factor is exposure to non-target pesticides on their primary host-plant, the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca, during larval development. This species frequently grows near agricultural fields in the Midwestern U.S., but the spectrum of pesticides encountered by monarch caterpillars on milkweed leaves is unknown. Further, it is unclear whether pesticide exposure can be avoided by isolating restored milkweed patches at sites far from cropland. Over 2 years, we analyzed 1,543 milkweed leaves across seven sites in northwestern Indiana for the presence and concentration of a range of commonly used agricultural insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. Additionally, we tested the ability of local (i.e., nearest linear distance to crop field) and landscape-level (i.e., % of corn/soybean in 1 km radius) variables to predict the presence of pesticides on focal milkweeds. Overall, we detected 14 pesticides−4 insecticides, 4 herbicides, 6 fungicides-on milkweeds that varied widely in their prevalence and concentration. The neonicotinoid clothianidin, the only pesticide for which toxicity data are available in monarchs, was detected in 15-25% of plants in June with nearly 60% of milkweeds at some sites testing positive (mean conc. = 0.71 and 0.48 ng/g in 2015 and 2016, respectively); however, no samples from July or August contained clothianidin. The related neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid deltamethrin were detected in most (>75%) samples throughout the season, but only in the second year of the study. For thiamethoxam, isolating milkweeds 50-100 m from the nearest corn or soybean field tended to decrease the concentration and likelihood of detecting residues, whereas landscape composition surrounding milkweed sites had comparatively weak predictive power. These data suggest that monarch caterpillars frequently consume a diversity of pesticides in their diet; the lethal or sublethal impacts of this exposure remain to be tested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Pesticide Exposure Risk for Monarch Caterpillars on Milkweeds Bordering Agricultural Land

Olaya-Arenas

Kaplan

2019

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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“…They illustrate that not all losses of options are regrettable. In the case of DDT, there was considerable resistance to the change (Krupke et al 2007), but that reaction has since long abated. Let us have a look at some examples of safety-related infringements of liberty, what reactions they have encountered and how those reactions have developed.…”

Section: How Bad Is Benevolence?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety

Hansson

2022

The Vision Zero Handbook

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Traffic safety measures such as seat belts, helmets, and speed limits have often been opposed by people claiming that these measures infringe on their liberty. Safety measures are often described as paternalistic, i.e., as protecting people against their own will. This chapter provides a historical account of such criticism of safety measures, beginning with nineteenth-century opposition to sanitation measures, which were claimed to threaten the freedom to drink dirty water. The historical analysis has a surprising conclusion: Opposition to safety measures does not seem to have much to do with paternalism. Some measures that would typically be described as paternalistic, such as seat belts in commercial aviation and hard hats on construction sites, have met with no significant opposition. In contrast, some of the most vehemently opposed measures, such as speed limits and the prohibition of drunk driving, cannot with any vestige of credibility be described as paternalistic. This is followed by an analysis showing that due to our tendency to follow examples set by others (herd effects), purely self-affecting behavior is much less common than what has usually been assumed. Most of the opposition to safety measures in road traffic seem to result from some individuals’ desires to engage in activities that endanger other people’s lives. The social need to restrain the satisfaction of such desires is obvious.

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“…A journalist writing about recurrent deadly oil disasters observed that, "By some odd twist, oil gushers have come down in American cultural memory as a form of good news-evidence of riches found, like the popping of some geological champagne cork" (Gillis, 2010). More than a century of increasing scientific and public awareness of environmental mishaps-including "the 2010 explosion in the Gulf of Mexico on the oil rig Deepwater Horizon, leased by the oil company British Petroleum (BP), FICHMAN | 417 which killed eleven people and produced one of the most catastrophic man-made" environmental disasters in modern times (Neill & Morris, 2012, p. 630)-has had only a partial impact on the continued might of the petrochemical industry to thwart any signficant reforms to (ineffectual) governmental oversight and regulation and to maintain its hold over devoted (if less uncritical) legions of customers (Krupke et al, 2007). Why?…”

Section: Bacon Further Explained Thatmentioning

confidence: 99%