Profile of antibiotic-resistant and presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab of dogs from several animal clinics in Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Aim: The research was to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile and to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from nasal mucosa swab of dogs. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from three pet clinics, three K9 units, one veterinary teaching hospital, and one kennel in Surabaya. Of the 50 total samples, 24 confirmed S. aureus strains, which were used for antibiotic sensitivity tests using a disk diffusion method and screening of MRSA used oxacillin resistance screening for base (ORSAB). Results: This study showed that there were differences in antibiotic resistance patterns among different locations. Fourteen isolates were screened for MRSA by culture on ORSAB. Conclusion: MRSA carriage was found on nasal swab of dogs, and dogs can act as reservoir of MRSA for spreading to human health. Keywords: antibiotic-resistant, dogs, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.

MecA gene and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from dairy farms in East Java, Indonesia

“…Oxacillin Resistance Screen Agar test (ORSA Test) is carried out referring to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines aimed at confirming MRSA which is MR from Oxacillin and Cefoxitin Disc Diffusion Methods (CLSI 2018; Decline et al 2020). Isolates were taken by several colonies to be used as a suspension of 0.5 Mc Farland and then by using Sterile Cotton Swab S (Onemed, AKD 10903610549) and making smears on the Oxacillin Screen Agar Base (HiMedia Pvt.…”

“…MecA gene detection using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method is the gold standard for detecting MRSA, but cannot be done in all clinical laboratories due to various facilities, capabilities and costs (Fernandes et al 2005). The difficulty of using PCR in an effort to detect the presence of MRSA can be reduced by using Cefoxitin disc diffusion, Oxacillin disc diffusion combination of Oxacillin Resistance Screen Agar (ORSA) (Tyansningsih et al 2019;Decline et al 2020).…”

Bacteriophages as Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Agents

“…In human medicine, S. aureus can cause clinical manifestations ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe bloodstream infections. A remarkable skill of this genus is its capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance [20], mainly from the irrational increase in the intensity of its use [21]. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are resistant to an important range of antibiotics [20].…”

“…Next, a cotton swab is soaked in the freshly prepared solution and is seeded on the Mueller Hinton agar surface. After application of the antimicrobial disks and appropriate incubation (35°C/24 hours), the behavior against the antibiotics is verified according to the measurements of the inhibition halos formed around the tested disks [21], and it is interpreted according to the current reference guidelines used in each health service.…”

“…Although this drug is the main therapeutic option, there are several limitations in its use, such as the achievement of optimal serum concentration, long-term treatment, renal toxicity, and restricted route of administration (intravenous) [30]. In the veterinary field, there is no effective therapy to treat MRSA infections, so prevention and control measures are critical to contain the further spread of MRSA [21]. While this challenge remains unresolved, successful treatment of infections may require the development of new antibiotics and the use of bacteriophages and phage-derived lytic proteins [29] as alternative therapeutic resources.…”