“…About 60% of HD patients experience dizziness (Caplin, Kumar, & Davenport, 2011), which may be caused by specific factors such as drugs (Cherry, Bhardwaj, Hopps, Srour, & Pant, 2013;Lal et al, 2012), blood volume deficiency (Agarwal, Kelley, & Light, 2008), hypotension (Basri & Shaheen, 2002), anemia (Parfrey et al, 2005), malnutrition (Fortin, Bassett, & Musini, 2010), dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (Patel, Dalal, & Panesar, 2008), and inappropriate dialysate sodium concentrations (Al-Hilali et al, 2004). Healthcare professionals attempt to reduce the dizziness of HD patients by improving their nutrition, blood pressure, administering intravenous iron therapy, or adjustment of the dialysate sodium ramping for dialysis-associated dizziness (Al-Hilali et al, 2004;Fortin et al, 2010;Parfrey et al, 2005;Whitney, Wrisley, Brown, & Furman, 2004). However, these treatments could increase the risk of bacterial infections, cost, or side effect of medications (Fortin et al, 2010;Whitney et al, 2004).…”