Profiles of free and bound phenolics extracted from Citrus fruits and their roles in biological systems: content, and antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties

Abstract

This study of selected plants of the Rutaceae family was carried out to investigate their phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the in vitro inhibitory potential of extracted phenolics towards enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension. The phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic extract-mediated inhibitory activities for α-glucosidase and α-amylase were evaluated by spectrophotometry. The content of individual phenolics and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of the phenolic extracts were evaluated by LC/MS-MS and RP-HPLC methods, respectively. A higher percentage of free phenolic content was seen for all the selected plants of the Rutaceae family (85.43-92.82% of the total phenolic content) than of the bound form (7.18-14.57% of total phenolic content). The major predominant bound phenolic in lemon and red blood orange was hesperidin. The major predominant bound phenolic in pummelo, shamouti and clementine was ferulic acid. The highest ACE and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracted phenolics from lemon was associated with free phenolic extracts obtained at 30 °C with values of 100% inhibition. Red blood orange free phenolic extract (30 °C) elicited the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (32.3%). In contrast, extracted bound phenolics after acid and base hydrolysis from all selected plants from the Citrus species were shown to induce activation of the ACE and α-amylase enzymes.

Oral intake of α‑glucosyl‑hesperidin ameliorates selenite‑induced cataract formation

“…Hst has several general health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and improvement of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolic abnormality (10)(11)(12). Many health supplements containing G-Hsd and its related compounds are sold in Japan under the system of foods with functional claims.…”

“…1B). Hst and Hsd are called bioflavonoids and were previously called Vitamin P because of their various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, improvement of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolic abnormality, and their ability to decrease the capillary permeability (10)(11)(12).…”

Electric field applications on dried key lime juice quality with regression modeling

“…Key lime ( Citrus aurantifolia L.) is a fruit crop of the family of Rutaceae (Alu'datt et al, ). Limes as a group are a polyphyletic group of 15 species.…”

The Antidepressant-Like Effects of Hesperidin in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats by Activating Nrf2/ARE/Glyoxalase 1 Pathway

“…Hesperidin (3,5,7-trihydroxy flavanone-7-rhamnoglucoside), a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside, is common in citrus species, including sweet oranges and lemons. According to reports, hesperidin and its aglycone, hesperetin, have numerous pharmacological properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties ( Parhiz et al., 2015 ; Alu’datt et al., 2017 ). Furthermore, hesperidin can alleviate diabetic neuropathy ( Visnagri et al., 2014 ) and nephropathy ( Zhang et al., 2018 ).…”