Profiles of Racial Socialization Among African American Parents: Correlates, Context, and Outcome

Caughy, Margaret O’Brien; Nettles, Saundra Rice Murray; Lima, Julie C.

doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9416-1

Cited by 100 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Finally, while studies have demonstrated the relevance of dimensions such as racial pride, school engagement, and spirituality for parenting older Black youth, the present study adds to a small but growing body of work that is demonstrating these dimensions are also salient for parents who are caring for children at much earlier stages of development (i.e., preschoolers; see Caughy et al, 2011; Dearing, Kreider, Simpkins, & Weiss, 2006; Lesane-Brown et al, 2010; Mattis & Mattis, 2011). This, again, speaks to the need for having more culturally-informed definitions of positive parenting to guide intervention programming in two-generational programs, like Head Start, which serve preschool children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…For example, the present findings are suggestive of differences between low-income Black mothers and fathers in the frequency with which they discipline children and encourage spiritual or religious values and practices, but future research is needed to understand the reasons for these differences. Likewise, with respect to the racial socialization factor, Caughy, Nettles, and Lima (2011) found that whether or not Black parents talk about race with their young children depends on the gender of the child and on the characteristics of the neighborhood in which the family lives. The BPSC is a scale that could be employed to investigate these subgroup differences across several dimensions of parenting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Emic, Mixed-Methods Approach to Defining and Measuring Positive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Families

McWayne

Mattis

Wright

et al. 2016

Early Education and Development

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Research Findings This within-group exploratory sequential mixed methods investigation sought to identify how ethnically diverse, urban-residing, low-income Black families conceptualize positive parenting. During the item development phase 119 primary caregivers from Head Start programs participated in focus groups and interviews. These qualitative data were content analyzed using a three-stage iterative process that resulted in the development of a final set of 72 items for a paper-and-pencil measure. In the measure validation phase of the study initial construct validity of the 72-item measure was assessed with an independent sample of 665 respondents. Common factor analyses revealed five dimensions of positive parenting on the Black Parenting Strengths in Context (BPSC) scale that related in expected ways with other parent self-report measures. Practice and Policy BPSC dimensions provide initial support for a more nuanced operationalization of positive parenting than currently exists in any single scale for use with this group, and hold promise for better honoring the culture- and context-specific parenting goals and practices that low-income, Black parents subjectively view as important for producing healthy developmental outcomes for their children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Emic, Mixed-Methods Approach to Defining and Measuring Positive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Families

McWayne

Mattis

Wright

et al. 2016

Early Education and Development

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“…For instance it can be argued that too little Racial Protection, particularly messages that warn of racial bias, can leave children unprepared to deal with racial conflict, and too much may diminish self-efficacy and promote instrumental helplessness. Although prior research has been done with parents (Caughy et al 2011), future research should use cluster analysis to create youth racial socialization profiles. Cluster analysis takes a person-centered approach that could reveal how Black youth that have similar co-occurrences of different types of R/ES messages are associated with specific outcomes.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multidimensionality of Racial/Ethnic Socialization: Scale Construction for the Cultural and Racial Experiences of Socialization (CARES)

Stevenson

2015

J Child Fam Stud

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Negotiating racial politics in the United States is a rapidly transforming and dynamic matter. As a result, racial/ethnic socialization (R/ES) measurement must match this transformation to reflect the current processes utilized by Black Americans to manage racial conflict. We describe the scale construction of the Cultural and Racial Experiences of Socialization (CARES), a multidimensional assessment of R/ES based on Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and Socialization theory. Additionally, we tested the CARES for its relation with gender and perceived racism. Utilizing a national sample of 373 Black college students, Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed the CARES to have 35 items and a 5 factor-solution. The CARES demonstrated strong overall internal consistency and its factors had moderate to strong internal consistency coefficients. The CARES factors allude to the complex role of R/ES as a social cognitive strategy for managing racial conflict. New concepts include both racism and bicultural coping strategies. We move beyond traditional concepts of cultural mistrust, which focus on a suspicion of the motives of White people, with the Racial Stereotyping factor that includes messages conveying cynical views of other Black people based on social class, gender and colorism. Gender differences in R/ES indicate that parents may perceive the consequences of racial conflict and miscues to be more dismal for their sons than their daughters. Interaction effects were found between R/ES and perceived racism.Family practitioners can use the findings to guide parents that are vacillating on the importance of discussing racial hierarchies with their children.

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“…As evident in the African proverb, "it takes a village to raise a child," members of various communities feel that positive socialization within their neighborhood is paramount in ensuring the success of children living in those neighborhoods. Indeed, research suggests that parents in neighborhoods with high levels of neighborhood-child involvement were more likely to socialize their children with a balance of cultural socialization emphasis and egalitarianism [46]. Negative socialization may also occur within a disadvantaged context.…”

Section: Neighborhood Context and Blackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some research suggests that the socialization messages that parents receive is not predicted by the number of low-income families in their neighborhoods [46]. Moreover, socialization messages may stem from deep-seated tensions with racial groups within a neighborhood.…”

Section: Neighborhood Context and Blackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Racial Composition, Institutional Socialization, and Intraracial Feelings of Closeness among Black Americans

Jones

Andrews

Policastro

2015

Urban Studies Research

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Relying on nationally representative data from the most recent wave of the National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA), the current study examines how past and present neighborhood racial composition is associated with feelings of closeness toward black Americans, black Africans, and black West Indians. In addition, this research tests whether race-based socialization messages received from caregivers or religious socialization messages explain this relationship among a sample from the adult black US population. The findings show that past neighborhood composition is associated with present feelings of closeness toward black Americans and black West Indians but are not associated with close feelings toward black Africans. Current neighborhood racial composition is not associated with feelings of closeness toward any of the groups. Racial socialization messages are associated with closeness towards them all but are found to be largely a function of having a two-parent family during childhood. Religious socialization is also associated with intraracial feelings of closeness. Results suggest that neighborhood racial composition is important to help facilitate positive feelings toward others who share the same race but a different ethnicity.

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Profiles of Racial Socialization Among African American Parents: Correlates, Context, and Outcome

Cited by 100 publications

References 39 publications

An Emic, Mixed-Methods Approach to Defining and Measuring Positive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Families

An Emic, Mixed-Methods Approach to Defining and Measuring Positive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Families

The Multidimensionality of Racial/Ethnic Socialization: Scale Construction for the Cultural and Racial Experiences of Socialization (CARES)

Neighborhood Racial Composition, Institutional Socialization, and Intraracial Feelings of Closeness among Black Americans

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