Profiles of reading fluency and spelling skills: stability and change across the early school years

From A to Z: Effects of a 2nd-grade reading intervention program for struggling readers

“…Paige et al (2019), in a study with 1064 US third graders, found that students who could spell and read fluently (i.e., with accuracy, expressiveness, and an adequate reading speed) had a 70% chance of getting good grades in their state reading assessment, against a 20% chance for struggling readers. This study, like many similar studies (e.g., Cadime et al, 2023;Cockerill et al, 2023;Risberg et al, 2023), suggests that failure to develop fluency in elementary students might compromise their school achievement and beyond (Rupley et al, 2020). This fact motivates a strong interest in identifying inexpensive, easily implementable, and scalable remedial interventions.…”