Profiling of phytochemicals from aerial parts of Terminalia neotaliala using LC-ESI-MS2 and determination of antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities

Abstract

Objectives Owing to extraordinary healing power, Terminalia species have been used in traditional medicine systems to treat various diseases. Many folklore uses of Terminalia neotaliala (Madagascar’s almond) included treating arterial hypertension, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, colic, oral and digestive candidiasis, intestinal parasitic infections, inflammatory skin conditions, postpartum care, and mycotic infections but nevertheless scientifically explored for its medicinal and pharmacological importance. Therefore, the current study intended to prepare methanolic extract and its fractionation with hexane, chloroform, and butanol followed by evaluation of their polyphenolic content, biological activities, and LCMS analysis. The biological study included antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition assay i.e., α-glucosidase and urease. The insight study of biologically active secondary metabolites of butanol fraction (BUAE) was performed through LCMS. Methods The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of hydroalcoholic and its fractions were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method. The total tannin content (TTC) was determined using the Folin-Denis spectrophotometric method. Similarly, the antioxidant potential of HAAE, HEAE, CFAE, and BUAE was determined using four methods as DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The sample extracts were also evaluated against two clinically important enzymes i.e., α-glucosidase and urease. Results The BUAE (butanol aerial fraction) showed the highest TPC (234.79 ± 0.12 mg.GAE.g-1 DE), TFC (320.75 ± 12.50 mg.QE.g-1 DE), and TTC (143.36 ± 4.32 mg.TA.Eq.g-1 DE). The BUAE also showed the highest scavenging potential determined by DPPH (642.65 ± 1.11 mg.TEq.g-1 DE) and ABTS (543.17 ± 1.11 mg.TEq.g-1 DE), and the metal-reducing capacity determined by CUPRAC (1510.41 ± 4.45 mg.TEq.g-1 DE) and FRAP (739.81 ± 19.32 mg.TEq.g-1 DE). The LCMS of BUAE identified 18 different biologically active phytoconstituents validating a rich source of hydrolyzable tannins including ellagitannins and gallitannins. Conclusion The present study concluded that T. neotaliala is a rich source of polyphenols capable of neutralizing the damage caused by free radical accumulation in the cells and tissues. The significant antioxidant results and identification of high molecular weight hydrolyzable tannins enlightened the medicinal importance of T. neotaliala.

Chemical Composition and Biological Evaluation of Typha domingensis Pers. to Ameliorate Health Pathologies: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

“…The same procedure was repeated for negative control replacing fraction solution with methanol. Results were exhibited as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry extract (mg GAE/g extract) [ 25 ].…”

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential of Cardamine amara L. (Brassicaceae): A comprehensive biochemical, toxicological, and in silico computational study

“…Secondary metabolites of plant origin, particularly flavonoids and phenols, have diverse pharmacological potential. Previous studies described the determination, extraction, and pharmacological effects of secondary metabolites (Ahmad et al, 2019;Shahzad et al, 2022). The selection of solvent is very important in the preparation of plant extract.…”

Metabolic Profiling by GC-MS, In Vitro Biological Potential, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Verbena officinalis

“…The NHVO and CRVO fractions showed moderate results with IC 50 values of 324 ± 16.40 µg·mL −1 and 465 ± 20.20 µg·mL −1 , respectively ( Table 2 ). The IC 50 value for Urease inhibition of Terminalia neotaliala different extract/fractions is 1.79−3.54 mg·mL −1 [ 62 ]. The different extract/fractions of Rondeletia odorata at a concentration of 5 mg·mL −1 revealed urease inhibition of 45.69–73.39% [ 1 ].…”

“…EAVO showed moderate results of α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC 50 value of 685 ± 31 µg mL −1 ( Table 2 ). The IC 50 value for α-glucosidase inhibition of Terminalia neotaliala different extract/fractions is 210−730 µg·mL −1 [ 62 ]. The α-glucosidase inhibition potential of NHVO was verified by GC-MS analysis by the presence of thymol [ 71 ], Neophytadiene [ 72 ], and ar-Turmerone [ 73 ].…”

“…The TPC of the crude methanolic sample and its different fractions were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as reported previously with some modifications [ 62 ]. The sample solution of concentration 1 mg·mL −1 was made in methanol.…”