Profiling the Chemical Composition and Growth Strain of Giant Bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro)

Abstract

The chemical composition of the wax layer and green epidermis at the surface of giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro) culms were conveniently analyzed through the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) with Si-Carb sampling technique. Results from the radial lignin content profiling of giant bamboo showed that the lignin content in the middle layer was lower than the layers either from the inner or outer culms. As for the longitudinal depth profiling, the lignin contents of bamboo culms increased gradually from the top toward base portion. The distribution of growth strains in the radial direction of giant bamboo culm was investigated by the kerf method with strain gauges. The longitudinal tensile strains in various positions of giant bamboo culm were found to decrease in the order of the middle layer, the outer layer, and the inner layer. The tensile strains of different layers in the radial direction of giant bamboo culm correlate with their lignin content. The highest tensile strain on the middle layer of the bamboo culm was associated with the lowest lignin content. These results provided experimental evidence in the relationship between longitudinal tensile strain and lignin content of bamboo culm.

The Use of Bilberry Leaves (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) as an Efficient Adsorbent for Cationic Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions

“…The FTIR spectra ( Figure 1 ), before and after adsorption process, reveal that cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the main components of the bioadsorbent material. The specific peaks that indicate the functional groups presence of this components are as follow: 3610 cm −1 can be attributed to the -OH stretch, free hydroxyl [ 46 ], 3300 cm −1 can be assigned the –OH stretching vibrations of cellulose, lignin or hemicellulose present in lignocellulosic biomasses [ 47 ], 2938 cm −1 correspond to CH 2 stretching vibration [ 48 , 49 ], 1647 cm −1 indicate –C=O stretching characteristic of lignin or hemicellulose [ 50 , 51 ], 1550 cm −1 can be attributed to the amide II groups [ 52 , 53 ], 1422 cm −1 corresponding to –C–H deformation in lignin [ 54 , 55 ], 1282 cm −1 can be attributed to the CH deformation in cellulose I and cellulose II [ 56 ], 1057 cm −1 can be assigned to C–O–C stretching of cellulose [ 27 , 39 ], 698 cm −1 were mainly due aromatic out of plane C–H bending vibrations [ 57 , 58 ], 542 cm −1 can be attributed C–H bend [ 59 ]. After adsorption, FTIR spectra shows some changes and three methylene blue characteristic peak appear that indicate the presence of dye at adsorbent surface: 3443 cm −1 corresponds to –NH/–OH overlapped stretching vibration [ 60 ], 1392 cm −1 can be attributed to the vibration of C–N in the –N(CH 3 ) 2+ group and 1326 cm −1 can be associated with the –CH 3 group [ 15 , 61 ].…”

Syringa vulgaris leaves powder a novel low-cost adsorbent for methylene blue removal: isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamic and optimization by Taguchi method

“…The FTIR analysis suggests that the main ingredients of adsorbent material are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The FTIR spectra of adsorbent material before and after methylene blue adsorption, presented in Supplementary Information (Figure S1 ), show following different specific peaks for main functional group: 3382 cm −1 —OH stretching vibration of phenols, carboxylic acids and alcohols as in lignin, pectin and cellulose 15 , 2933 cm −1 —CH stretching of CH 2 40 , 1647 cm −1 —C=O stretching characteristic of lignin or hemicellulose 41 , 42 , 1422 cm −1 —C–H deformation in lignin 43 , 44 , 1255 cm −1 —C–O stretching and CH or OH bending indicate the existence of hemicellulose structures 25 , 45 , 46 , 1026 cm −1 —C–O, C–O–H, C–O–C, C–C, ring stretching vibration in cellulose and hemicellulose 47 , 609 cm −1 —the bending modes of aromatic compounds of cellulose 48 , 49 . The differences between the wavenumber of the peaks before and after adsorption are small (less than 10 cm −1 ) which indicate that the methylene blue adsorption mechanism could include an ion-exchange mechanism or physical interaction 50 .…”

A Novel High-Efficiency Natural Biosorbent Material Obtained from Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Leaf Biomass for Cationic Dyes Adsorption

“…aromatic ring C=C bond [42] 1605 cm −1 aromatic skeletal and C=O stretch vibrations characteristic of lignin [43] 1422 cm −1 -C-H deformation in lignin [44,45] 1255 cm −1 -C-O stretching and CH or OH bending of hemicellulose structures [46,47] 1057 cm aromatic ring C=C bond [42] 1605 cm −1 aromatic skeletal and C=O stretch vibrations characteristic of lignin [43] 1422 cm −1 -C-H deformation in lignin [44,45] 1255 cm −1 -C-O stretching and CH or OH bending of hemicellulose structures [46,47] 1057 cm −1 C-O-C stretching of cellulose [23,48] 625 cm −1 bending modes of aromatic compounds [49] After dye adsorption, only two peaks were shifted as follows: 3282 cm −1 shifted to 3120 cm −1 (methylene blue adsorption) and 3227 cm −1 (crystal violet adsorption), respectively; 1422 cm −1 shifted to 1370 cm −1 at both dye adsorption. These observations suggest that O-H and C-H bonds may be involved in dye retention.…”