Profound Increase in Longitudinal Displacements of the Porcine Carotid Artery Wall Can Take Place Independently of Wall Shear Stress: A Continuation Report

Carotid artery longitudinal wall motion is associated with local blood velocity and left ventricular rotational, but not longitudinal, mechanics

“…In this regard, we observed no association between the magnitudes of the anterograde CALM component and the local shear rate stimulus, similar to previous reports in a well‐controlled model of the porcine carotid artery (Ahlgren et al. ). This lack of direct relationship may be due to the simultaneous competing influence of left ventricular rotation on the magnitude of movement of the carotid wall, as increases in both carotid shear rate and apical rotation occurred during the same period (see Fig.…”

“…This has probably contributed to the lack of significant relationships between wall shear stress and CALM assessed by Ahlgren et al. () through alpha‐ and beta‐adrenergic stimulation, as adrenergic modulation would also act on left ventricular systolic function, impacting the early systolic influence of the heart on the CALM pattern.…”

“…Ahlgren et al. () found no correlation between maximal longitudinal displacement of the porcine CCA intima‐media and wall shear rate. However, the authors did not separate CALM into anterograde and retrograde phases, and it may be that the forward shear stimulus can only explain the anterograde phase of motion.…”

Dynamic Block Matching to assess the longitudinal component of the dense motion field of the carotid artery wall in B‐mode ultrasound sequences — Association with coronary artery disease

“…Administration of catecholamines and β ‐blockade in pigs showed a significant positive correlation with LOKI, thus potentially constituting a link between mental stress and cardiovascular disease . Building upon these findings, the independence between LOKI and wall shear stress was demonstrated, suggesting that LOKI is most likely caused by the pulsatile displacement of the heart, rather than by blood flow . A similar hypothesis was formulated in a study that evaluated the association of LOKI with both left ventricular cardiac motion and local blood velocity .…”

“…The peak‐to‐peak amplitude ∆ X of the motion trajectory [Fig. (c)], an established LOKI‐derived parameter that was demonstrated to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors, was extracted from the resulting motion field [Figs. (b), (c)].…”