Prognosis of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID‐19 patients: A case series

Liu, Po‐Yu; Jiang, Rong–San

doi:10.1002/ccr3.3269

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The UPSIT-TC cutoff scores for an olfactory diagnosis of our study are set based on the validated study in Taiwan, the 'Establishment of olfactory diagnosis for traditional Chinese version of University of Pennsylvania Smell Identi cation Test, 2016' [23], which based on the assessment of the 1440 enrolled subjects, an olfactory diagnosis of UPSIT-TC has been established in relation to gender and age, and the cutoff scores between normosmia and mild hyposmia were established at 29.5 for males aged 20 to 59 years, and the cutoff scores were established at 30.5 for females aged 20 to 59 years [23,24].…”

Section: Secondary Outcome Secondary Outcome Is the Traditional Chinese Version Of The University Of Pennsylvania Smell Identi Cation Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acupuncture for Olfactory Dysfunction in Infected COVID-19 Patients: Study Protocol for a Single Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial

Zhong

Choy

Cho

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) was recognized as one of common symptom of COVID-19. OD, defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell during sniffing (orthonasal olfaction) and may represent one of early symptoms in the clinical course of COVID-19 infection. A large online questionnaire-based survey found that some of post COVID-19 patients showed no improvement at one month after they were discharged from hospital. Therefore, this clinical trial is designed to explore the efficacy of acupuncture for OD in infected COVID-19 patients and to determine whether acupuncture could have benefits than sham acupuncture for OD in post- COVID-19 patients.Methods: This is a single blind, randomized controlled, cross over trial. We plan to recruit forty post-COVID-19 patients who are presenting with smell loss or smell distortions more than one month. Qualified patients will be randomly allocated into the intervention group (real acupuncture) or the control group (sham acupuncture) in a 1:1 ratio. Each patient will receive 8 sessions of treatment over 4 week (Cycle 1), and 2-week follow-up. After the follow-up, the control group will be conducted with real acupuncture for another 4 weeks (Cycle 2), and the real acupuncture group will be conducted with the 4-week sham acupuncture. The primary outcomes are the scores change on the questionnaire of olfactory functioning and olfaction related quality of life at weeks 6, 8, 12 and 14 from the baseline. Secondary outcome is the change on the Olfactory Test score at the week 6 and 12 from the baseline measured by using the Traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT-TC).Discussion: The results of this trial will help to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 Patients. This may provide a new treatment option for patients.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04959747, Registered on July 13, 2021.

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Section: Secondary Outcome Secondary Outcome Is the Traditional Chinese Version Of The University Of Pennsylvania Smell Identi Cation Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acupuncture for Olfactory Dysfunction in Infected COVID-19 Patients: Study Protocol for a Single Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial

Zhong

Choy

Cho

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, among these and other studies using empirical tests, variable findings have been reported. For example, some studies reported no meaningful association with mean taste test scores, [14][15][16] whereas others denoted prevalence rates ranging from 12% to 100%. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] This study had 6 main goals: (1) to examine a nationwide sample and evaluate long-term outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 using a state-of-the-art, validated 53-item taste test; (2) to compare taste findings with those from a widely used and reliable 40-item olfactory test; (3) to investigate the proportion of individuals who continued to have differing degrees of taste or smell dysfunction a mean of 1 year after their initial infection; (4) to investigate whether COVID-19 was associated with different outcomes in the perception of sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami taste qualities in such individuals; (5) to investigate whether age and sex were associated with test findings; and (6) to investigate whether the viral variant prevalent at the time of initial diagnosis was associated with test scores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Taste and Smell Outcomes After COVID-19

Sharetts,

Moein,

Khan

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceSelf-report surveys suggest that long-lasting taste deficits may occur after SARS-CoV-2 infection, influencing nutrition, safety, and quality of life. However, self-reports of taste dysfunction are inaccurate, commonly reflecting deficits due to olfactory not taste system pathology; hence, quantitative testing is needed to verify the association of post–COVID-19 condition with taste function.ObjectiveTo use well-validated self-administered psychophysical tests to investigate the association of COVID-19 with long-term outcomes in taste and smell function.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis nationwide cross-sectional study included individuals with and without a prior history of COVID-19 recruited from February 2020 to August 2023 from a social media website (Reddit) and bulletin board advertisements. In the COVID-19 cohort, there was a mean of 395 days (95% CI, 363-425 days) between diagnosis and testing.ExposureHistory of COVID-19.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe 53-item Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT) and 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) were used to assess taste and smell function. Total WETT and UPSIT scores and WETT subtest scores of sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, caffeine, and monosodium glutamate were assessed for groups with and without a COVID-19 history. The association of COVID-19 with taste and smell outcomes was assessed using analysis of covariance, χ2, and Fisher exact probability tests.ResultsTests were completed by 340 individuals with prior COVID-19 (128 males [37.6%] and 212 females [62.4%]; mean [SD] age, 39.04 [14.35] years) and 434 individuals with no such history (154 males [35.5%] and 280 females [64.5%]; mean (SD) age, 39.99 [15.61] years). Taste scores did not differ between individuals with and without previous COVID-19 (total WETT age- and sex-adjusted mean score, 33.41 [95% CI, 32.37-34.45] vs 33.46 [95% CI, 32.54-34.38]; P = .94). In contrast, UPSIT scores were lower in the group with previous COVID-19 than the group without previous COVID-19 (mean score, 34.39 [95% CI, 33.86-34.92] vs 35.86 [95% CI, 35.39-36.33]; P &lt; .001]); 103 individuals with prior COVID-19 (30.3%) and 91 individuals without prior COVID-19 (21.0%) had some degree of dysfunction (odds ratio, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.18-2.27]). The SARS-CoV-2 variant present at the time of infection was associated with smell outcomes; individuals with original untyped and Alpha variant infections exhibited more loss than those with other variant infections; for example, total to severe loss occurred in 10 of 42 individuals with Alpha variant infections (23.8%) and 7 of 52 individuals with original variant infections (13.5%) compared with 12 of 434 individuals with no COVID-19 history (2.8%) (P &lt; .001 for all).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, taste dysfunction as measured objectively was absent 1 year after exposure to COVID-19 while some smell loss remained in nearly one-third of individuals with this exposure, likely explaining taste complaints of many individuals with post–COVID-19 condition. Infection with earlier untyped and Alpha variants was associated with the greatest degree of smell loss.

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Acupuncture for olfactory dysfunction in infected COVID-19 patients: Study protocol for a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial

Zhong

Wong

Leung

et al. 2023

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences

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Prognosis of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID‐19 patients: A case series

Abstract: Although most COVID‐19 patients feel their olfactory function returns to normal, the smell test demonstrates that a mild impairment of the olfactory function may have remained. Therefore, their olfactory function should be evaluated by a smell test.

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Acupuncture for Olfactory Dysfunction in Infected COVID-19 Patients: Study Protocol for a Single Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial

Acupuncture for Olfactory Dysfunction in Infected COVID-19 Patients: Study Protocol for a Single Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial

Long-Term Taste and Smell Outcomes After COVID-19

Acupuncture for olfactory dysfunction in infected COVID-19 patients: Study protocol for a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial

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