Prognosis prediction of uterine torsion mechanical treatment (rolling) after estimation of calcium and creatinine level in the serum of buffaloes (bubalus bubalis)

Transrectal ultrasonography and blood lactate measurement: a combined diagnostic approach for severe uterine torsion in dairy cattle

“…The prognosis of uterine torsion in dairy cattle is influenced by the duration of the torsion, degree of severity, and extent of vascular compromise in the uterine tissues [1, 2, 4, 11]. Laparotomy may be required for correction of the torsion and extraction of the fetus [3].…”

Blood lactate concentration as diagnostic predictors of uterine necrosis and its outcome in dairy cows with uterine torsion

“…The duration and severity of uterine torsion and the extent of circulation insufficiency in the uterine tissue affect the prognosis [2, 12, 14, 17, 23]. In severe cases, circulation insufficiency results in edemas of the broad ligament of the uterus, bleeding, bloody ascites, thromboses of uterine vessels and uterine necrosis [14, 19,20,21].…”

Ultrasonographic assessment of kidney in dystocia affected buffaloes before and after caesarean section in relation to survival rate

“…There are no parallel reports in literature to confirm or repute our findings but decreased pixel value of kidneys along with a slight decrease in longitudinal and transverse length of kidney has been reported by Yadav [7] in buffaloes affected with uterine torsion. Decreased pixel value in animals which died may be due to more pronounced fluctuation in the blood supply to kidney in comparison to animals which survived as increased serum creatinine levels in uterine torsion affected buffaloes have been attributed to reduced blood flow to the kidneys [1] .…”

“…Renal functions are most commonly accessed by measuring serum creatinine levels, as rise in blood creatinine level indicates marked damage to functioning nephrons and increased serum concentrations of creatinine were found in buffaloes affected with uterine torsion [1] which constitute 67-83% of the dystocias presented at the referral hospitals [2] . The increased serum creatinine levels in uterine torsion affected buffaloes have been attributed to stress conditions along with reduced blood flow to the kidneys, moderate dehydration, increased energy mobilization during the precalving period and nephropathy resulting from toxic substances liberated from the dead fetus [1,3,4] . Caesarean section has been performed for many centuries and is considered to be one of the oldest operations in the history of human medicine but the first recorded documentation of caesarean section in buffaloes appears to be of Reddy and coworkers in 1963 [5,6] .…”