Prognostic Factors Associated With Development of Venous Thromboembolism in Critically Ill Patients—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To identify prognostic factors for the development of venous thromboembolism in the ICU. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to March 1, 2021. STUDY SELECTION: We included English-language studies describing prognostic factors associated with the development of venous thromboembolism among critically ill patients. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors performed data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment. We pooled adjusted odds ratios and adjusted hazard ratios for prognostic factors using random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. DATA SYNTHESIS: We included 39 observational cohort studies involving 729,477 patients. Patient factors with high or moderate certainty of association with increased odds of venous thromboembolism include older age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02–1.29 per 10 yr), obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.18–1.32), active malignancy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18–2.44), history of venous thromboembolism (adjusted odds ratio, 4.77; 95% CI, 3.42–6.65), and history of recent surgery (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.26–2.47). ICU-specific factors with high or moderate certainty of association with increased risk of venous thromboembolism include sepsis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.12–1.78), lack of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.14–2.84), central venous catheter (adjusted odds ratio, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.98–4.34), invasive mechanical ventilation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.36–2.24), and use of vasoactive medication (adjusted odds ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.23–2.81). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides quantitative summaries of the association between patient-specific and ICU-related prognostic factors and the risk of venous thromboembolism in the ICU. These findings provide the foundation for the development of a venous thromboembolism risk stratification tool for critically ill patients.

The incidence and risk factors of proximal lower extremity deep vein thrombosis without pharmacologic prophylaxis in critically ill surgical Taiwanese patients: A prospective study

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Coagulopathies in Intensive Care Medicine: Balancing Act between Thrombosis and Bleeding

“…Specifically for ICU patients, the ICU-venous thromboembolism score was developed, including six independent predictors: Central venous catheterization, immobilization greater than or equal to 4 days, prior history of venous thromboembolism, mechanical ventilation, lowest hemoglobin during hospitalization greater than or equal to 9 g/dL, and platelet count at admission greater than 250,000/µL [6]. Further risk factors identified in a meta-analysis of observational studies include older age, higher body mass index, active malignancy, history of recent surgery, sepsis, lack of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, and the use of vasoactive medications [7]. Thrombosis prophylaxis reduces the incidence of VTE and the guidelines recommend pharmacologic prophylaxis for all of the critically ill patients, if not contraindicated [8][9][10].…”

Blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio is associated with in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with venous thromboembolism: a retrospective cohort study

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