Prognostic Factors of Neurocognitive and Functional Outcomes in Junior and Senior Elderly Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Undergoing Disability Evaluation or Appointed Disability Evaluation

Abstract

ObjectiveThis study explored the relationships among demographic (DVs) and clinical variables (CVs), neurocognitive (NOs) and functional outcome (FO) that could be used as prognostic factors for old aged patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing or appointed disability evaluation (DE) after treatment.MethodsA total of 162 subjects with TBI above the age of 55 years undergoing DE or appointed to do so after treatments were selected. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to age : a junior elderly group 55 to 64 years old and a senior elderly group over the age of 65. NOs and FO were evaluated using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery and Clinical Dementia Rating scale.ResultsGender, age, and education level were shown to significantly impact the recovery of NOs after TBI. Other DVs and CVs such as area of residency, occupation, type of injury, or loss of consciousness were not found to significantly affect the recovery of NOs after TBI. Analysis of the relationships among DVs, CVs and NOs demonstrated that gender, age, and education level contributed to the variance of NOs. In FO, loss of consciousness (LOC) was included to prognostic factor.ConclusionGender, age and education level significantly influence the NOs of elderly patients with TBI. LOC may also serve as a meaningful prognostic factor in FO. Unlike younger adult patients with TBI, old aged patients with TBI did not show global faking-bad or malingering attitudes to DE for compensation, but assume that they could faking their performance in a test set available visual feedback.

Systematic Review of Sex and Gender Effects in Traumatic Brain Injury: Equity in Clinical and Functional Outcomes

“…The GII ranking distribution varied: seven studies (60-66) were from countries with the highest gender equality rankings (GII rank < 10: the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Germany); and 28 (54-56, 58, 59, 67-89) were from a country with the lowest gender equality ranking (GII rank 43: United States). The remaining studies (57,(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99)(100)(101)(102)(103) were based in Singapore, Spain, Austria, South Korea, and Canada (GII rank 10-19); Japan and Australia (29, 104-107) (GII rank 20-29); and Taiwan and China (GII rank 30-39) (53,59).…”