Prognostic Significance of Potential Immune Checkpoint Member HHLA2 in Human Tumors: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract

Immunological checkpoint inhibitors have been immensely successfully applied in the treatment of cancer, however, a portion of tumor patients can't benefit from checkpoint therapy. The low PD-1/CTLA-4 positive rate and involvement of multiple immunosuppressive pathways are thought to be one of the reasons for treatment failure in non-responding patients. A new immune checkpoint molecule, HHLA2, which was widely expressed in PD-1 negative human tumors, may be a promising target for the improvement of recent immune therapy. Yet, the prognostic value and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of HHLA2 remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value and transcriptional regulation mechanism of HHLA2 according to clinical and experimental data from multiple databases, including cBioPortal, TCGA, Cistrome, TIMER, Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier, GeneXplain. It was found that the expression of HHLA2 was significantly elevated in renal tumors, and significantly decreased in colorectal tumors. Pan-cancer survival analysis indicates that HHLA2 was an independent prognostic factor in 9/20 of human cancers. Especially in renal clear cell carcinoma ( P = 3.0E-7). Through plotting survival curve in Kaplan-Meier Plotter, it was found that hypomethylation of HHLA2 DNA was a favorable prognostic factor for KIRC patients. Yet, the copy number variant of HHLA2 was not significantly correlated with the overall survival of KIRC patients. Finally, by analyzing the motif of HHLA2 co-expression genes, we identified 15 transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of the HHLA2 co-expression network. Among these transcription factors, BATF in B lymphocyte and SMAD in monocyte were confirmed to be able to directly bind to HHLA2 DNA according to chip-seq experimental data from Cistrome database.

The lncRNAs RP1-261G23.7, RP11-69E11.4 and SATB2-AS1 are a novel clinical signature for predicting recurrent osteosarcoma

“…We examined the correlation between the expression levels of the 42 differentially expressed lncRNAs and each differentially expressed mRNA using two-sided Pearson correlation coefficients and the z-test. The mRNAs positively or negatively correlated with the 42 lncRNAs were considered to be lncRNA-related mRNAs (|Pearson correlation coefficient| > 0.4 [16][17][18][19][20] and P-value <0.05). The lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network was then constructed using Cytoscape V.3.8.5 (https://cytoscape.org/).…”

A plasma membrane protein based prognostic model in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“…Then, the TF-PMP network shows that transcription factors FOXM1, NCAPG, CENPA, MYBL2, EOMES, IRF4, IKZF1 and BATF are closely related to these PMPs. Some previously studies have shown those TFs were connected with occurrence and progression of ccRCC [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Base on the above ndings, we have good reason to believe that those PMPs play a signi cant role in ccRCC as a whole.…”

Emerging immunotherapy targets in lung cancer

“…[ 59 ] A comprehensive analysis to evaluate the prognostic significance of HHLA2 in human pan-cancer suggested that HHLA2 is an independent predictive factor for prognosis of many human tumors. [ 60 ] Unfortunately, this comprehensive study did not indicate the prognostic value in lung cancer. In an independent study on NSCLC, the patients with high HHLA2 expression tended to have a poorer survival, but this was not statistically significant.…”