Prognostic significance of proteomics and multi-omics studies in renal carcinoma

Abstract

Introduction Renal carcinoma and in particular its most common variant, the clear cell subtype, is often diagnosed incidentally through abdominal imaging. Rather frequently, the tumour is discovered at an early stage. However, 20% to 40% of patients undergoing nephrectomy for clinically localized renal cancer, even after accurate histological and clinical classification, will develop metastasis or recurrence, justifying the associated mortality rate. Therefore, even if renal carcinoma is not among the most frequent nor deadly cancers, a better prognostication is needed.Areas covered Recently proteomics or other -omics combinations have been applied to both cancer tissues, on the neoplasia itself and surrounding microenvironment, cultured cells and biological fluids (so-called liquid biopsy) generating a list of prognostic molecular tools that will be reviewed in the present paper. Expert opinion.Although promising, none of the approaches listed above has been yet translated in clinics. This is likely due to the peculiar genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of this cancer, which makes nearly each tumour different from all the others. Attempts to overcome this issue will be also revised. In particular we will discuss how the application of -omics integrated approaches could provide the determinants of response to the different targeted drugs.

CBX Family Members in Two Major Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Bioinformatic Analysis

“…Currently, the detailed molecular mechanisms of these two RCC subtypes, in terms of occurrence and development, are not yet fully understood, although the application of proteomics and multi-omics approach to tissues, cultured cells, and biological fluids has provided significant advancement in RCC prognostic significance assessment [7][8][9][10][11] RCC tumorigenesis is a complex process involving genetic and epigenetic alterations. However, only a few types of RCCs can be explained by genetic predisposition, and epigenetic alterations in RCC subtypes are still poorly understood [12].…”

“…Currently, the detailed molecular mechanisms of these two RCC subtypes, in terms of occurrence and development, are not yet fully understood, although the application of proteomics and multi-omics approach to tissues, cultured cells, and biological fluids has provided significant advancement in RCC prognostic significance assessment [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Quantitative Proteomics Identifies Secreted Diagnostic Biomarkers as well as Tumor-Dependent Prognostic Targets for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…Biomarkers can be used as indicators of tumor development and progression, and their discovery has largely benefitted from technological advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomics. However, despite their urgent need, no universal biomarkers of clinical utility are currently known for ccRCC (4). This is due to previous studies lacking in coverage depth with generally less than 2,000 protein identifications and presenting insufficient validation of the candidates by multiple independent methods or in independent cohorts (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

“…Over the past years, it also became clear that a "one-size-fits-all" treatment strategy for RCC patients is insufficient for the effective management of the disease and the prevention of recurrence. This is particularly due to genetic and epigenetic interpatient tumor heterogeneity caused by branched clonal evolution of the cancer cells leading to poor treatment response or to treatment resistance (4,17). Another crucial factor causing tumor diversity is the composition of the tumor microenvironment, which consists of the extracellular matrix and different types of stromal and immune cells (18).…”