Prognostic studies of canine and feline mammary tumours: The need for standardized procedures

Matos, Augusto de; Baptista, Cláudia S.; Gärtner, M.F.; Rutteman, Gerard R.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.019

Cited by 79 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…If more than 1 mass was present in a particular case with a female dog, only the mass with the greatest tumor progression and highest malignancy was selected for inclusion in this study. 15 Tumors were classified as grade I, II, or III based on evaluation of the formation of tubular structures, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic indices. 4 Microscopic evidence of lymphatic invasion and necrosis was also examined.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia

Kim

Lim

et al. 2013

Vet Pathol

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Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are morphologically and biologically heterogeneous, prompting several attempts to classify such tumors on the basis of their histopathological characteristics. Recently, molecular-based analysis methods borrowed from human breast cancer research have also been applied to the classification of CMTs. In this study, canine mammary neoplasms (n ¼ 648) occurring in Korea from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed according to the histological classification and grading system proposed by Goldschmidt et al. Furthermore, randomly selected mammary carcinomas (n ¼ 159) were classified according to the molecular subtype using immunohistochemical characteristics. Canine mammary neoplasia accounted for 52.6% (648/1250) of the tumors in female dogs, and 51.7% (340/648) of these were malignant. All of the carcinoma-anaplastic subtypes were grade III tumors (5/5, 100%), while most of the carcinoma-tubular subtypes (15/18, 83.3%) and carcinoma arising in a complex adenoma/mixed-tumor subtype (115/135, 85.2%) were grade I tumors. Tumor cell invasion into lymphatic vessels was most common in the comedocarcinoma, carcinoma-anaplastic, and inflammatory carcinoma subtypes. The most frequently occurring molecular subtype (70/159, 44%) was luminal A. However, the basal-like subtype was the most malignant and was frequently associated with grade III tumors and lymphatic invasion. The carcinoma-solid subtypes were also often of the basal-like subtype. Reclassification of CMTs using the newly proposed histopathological classification system and molecular subtyping could aid in determining the prognosis and the most suitable anticancer treatment for each case.

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Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia

Kim

Lim

et al. 2013

Vet Pathol

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“…The etiology of canine mammary mixed tumor (CMMT) involves multifactors but is still not well understood [17]. Cancer is a complex process controlled by the activation of oncogenes, silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the lack of control of epigenetic events that occur within the cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+ and HSP60+ Expressions in Cellular Infiltrate of Canine Mammary Carcinoma in Mixed Tumor

Lopes-Neto

Souza

Bouty

et al. 2017

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Cancer is a complex process that receive many influences of the tumor microenvironment. The participation of immune system cells and proteins in tumor microenvironment is not yet completely understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltrate cellular, subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and HSP60 of canine mammary carcinoma in mixed tumor (CMCMT). Materials, Methods & Results:Female dogs (n = 20) were selected after Canine mammary tumor (CMT) diagnosis and data were achieved throughout clinical-pathological information. Clinical staging was evaluated and tumor biopsies were processed by histology and cellular infiltrate was performed according criteria and grade. Survival curve were generated by Kaplan-Meier and the lymphocytic infiltrate were compared by Log-Rank followed Chi-Square χ². For immunolabeling it was used anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-FoxP3 and HSP60 monoclonal antibodies and were attributed scores from 0 to 3. Clinical-pathological relationship was analyzed using Spearman correlation. This study was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Research using Animals (CEUA-UECE), protocol 12247080-2. Our data showed a mean age of 9.3 years-old, the size of tumors presented more than 5 cm (50%), which were located in inguinal mammary glands (70%), and CMTs shows I (70%) and II (30%) grade. The cellular infiltrate was distributed both in peri and intratumoral regions, dispersed multifocally with moderate intensity and lymphocytes were the major populations found into tumors (n = 826 ± 220). In relationship to cellular infiltrate with CMT grade it was observed that lymphocytes (ρ = 0.28) and plasma cells (ρ = 0.22) showed a slight positive correlation, and an opposed negative correlation of neutrophils (ρ = -0.1) and macrophages (ρ = -0.38). CMT presents moderate lymphocytic infiltrate (< 800 lymphocytes), shows higher (P = 0.01) survival rates as compared to intense lymphocytic infiltrate (≥ 800 lymphocytes). FoxP3+ showed lower intensity while CD4+ and CD8+ expression were concentrated surrounding of lymphocytic infiltrate tumor region. HSP60+ was observed in the inflammatory and tumor cells. Discussion: Our data are according to a greater risk to the development of breast tumor in old bitches, not castrated and before or after puberty, as well as the use of contraceptives based on progesterone and estrogen. In relation to size of tumor, these findings reinforce that there is a relationship of tumor size with a higher malignancy grade and with a worse prognosis. The predominant tumor location was in the inguinal breasts that is attributed to the high activity of the mammary glands to hormonal stimuli. CMT with low clinical staging are associated with greater overall survival of affected bitches. In relation to tumor microenvironment, it has been reported that heterogeneous populations of the immune system cells often infiltrate the mammary tumors, whose lymphocytes are the main cells. It is suggested that tumor lymphocytosis may be necessary for malignant behavior of the tumo...

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“…In addition, they represent the first phase of the tumor's long range spreading [1]. Analysis of the lymph nodes is, therefore, one of the most relevant factors for staging mammary carcinoma in both species [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite awareness regarding mammary lymphosomes, which are regional lymph drainage sites, several studies have shown that the presence of tumors may significantly alter the lymphatic direction as animals carrying mammary neoplasia undergo lymphatic reconfiguration due largely to the presence of prolymphangiogenic cytokines in the tumor's location [2]- [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metastasis of Mammary Carcinoma in Bitches: Evaluation of the Sentinel Lymph Node Technique

Beserra¹,

Grandi²,

Düfloth³

et al. 2016

ABCR

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In recent years the development of extremely accurate techniques for the removal of lymph nodes has been seen, such as the Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) technique. The technique is based on the staggered progression occurring in the lymphatic drainage of neoplasias, and is currently the main prognostic and diagnostic factor in women suffering from mammary carcinoma. This research aims at assessing the sentinel lymph node biopsy accuracy in female dogs suffering from mammary carcinoma. Forty-one dogs with cytological diagnosis of the tumor were used in the research. After injecting a Patent Blue V dye, mastectomy was conducted jointly with lymphadenectomy (for both sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes). The material was then serially sectioned and microscopically evaluated by routine H&E stain and immunohistochemical study with the markers for pancytokeratin AE1/AE3 and myoepithelial cells CK14. The study revealed that 46.3% (19/41) of the animals presented nodal metastasis. The sensitivity and specificity values found for SLNB were respectively 89.5% and 100%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.90 and p < 0.0001. Therefore, the SLNB technique offers high sensitivity in the early detection of metastases, allowing higher precision in the staging of oncological patients and, therefore, offering higher chances of survival.

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Prognostic studies of canine and feline mammary tumours: The need for standardized procedures

Cited by 79 publications

References 57 publications

Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia

Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia

CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+ and HSP60+ Expressions in Cellular Infiltrate of Canine Mammary Carcinoma in Mixed Tumor

Metastasis of Mammary Carcinoma in Bitches: Evaluation of the Sentinel Lymph Node Technique

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