Prognostic Value of Immunohistochemical Markers for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal the potential roles of apoptosis markers (Bcl2 and p53), proliferation markers (Ki-67 and CyclD1), and the neuroendocrine marker Chromogranin A as markers for the radioresistance of rectal cancer. Statistically significant differences were found in the expression of p53, Ki-67, and Chromogranin A in groups of patients with and without a favorable prognosis after radiotherapy. The survival analysis revealed that the marker of neuroendocrine differentiation, Chromogranin A, also demonstrated a high prognostic significance, indicating a poor prognosis. Markers of proliferation and apoptosis had no prognostic value for patients who received preoperative radiotherapy. Higher Chromogranin A values were predictors of poor prognosis. The results obtained from studying the Chromogranin A expression suggest that the secretion of biologically active substances by neuroendocrine cells causes an increase in tumor aggressiveness.

Prognostic Biomarkers of Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer (CRC): From Immunohistochemistry to Molecular Biology Techniques

“…More than a dozen research publications on Ki-67 as a prognostic factor in CRC have also investigated the prognostic significance of potential apoptosis proteins (e.g., p53, bcl-2, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), survivin) [ 125 , 134 , 142 , 147 , 182 , 197 , 218 , 224 , 228 , 232 , 235 , 237 , 238 , 241 , 254 , 255 ] ( Table 3 ).…”

“…However, more recent studies indicate that routine use of the Oncotype DX Colon Recurrence Score in stage IIa CC may be unnecessary, especially in patients with normal levels of additional biomarkers [258]. [255] Legend: ↑/↓-increase (overexpression)/decrease; >/<-higher/lower; (+)-positive; AC-adenocarcinoma; AD(s)-adenoma(s); AJCC-American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition; AS-actual survival; C-control; CA-carcinoma; CC-colon cancer; CI-confidence interval; CRT-chemoradiotherapy; CTx-chemotherapy; ddays; DFS-disease-free survival; DIG-digoxygenin; FU-fluorouracil; GPS-multi-gene proliferation signature; HR-hazard ratio; ISH-in situ hybridization; IRS-immunoreactive score; Lbs-laboratories; L(P)I-labeling (proliferation) index; LN-lymph node metastasis; MA-multivariate analysis; mAb-monoclonal antibody; meta-metastasis; MIB-1-antibody against Ki-67 antigen; MSI-H/L-microsatellite instability high/low; MSSmicrosatellite stable; nd-not determined; no.-number; OS-overall survival; (p)CRC-(primary) colorectal cancer; PFS-progression-free survival; PL-Poland; pTNM-pathological tumor/node/metastasis; pTRpathological tumor response; pts-patients; RC-rectal cancer; RFS-relapse-free survival; RR-relative risk; RT-radiotherapy; qRT-PCR-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR-reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction; S-surgery; semiq-semiquantitative; UA-univariate analysis; UICC-International Union Against Cancer; UK-United Kingdom; yr(s)-year(s).…”