Program evaluation of the Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONE Rx) program using the RE-AIM model

Strand, Mark; Eukel, Heidi; Frenzel, Oliver; Skoy, Elizabeth; Steig, Jayme; Werremeyer, Amy

doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.11.016

Cited by 26 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Several studies incorporated pharmacy team training ahead of implementing various interventions such as patient screening tools [ 32 , 33 ]. Two studies described the Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONERx) program, which involved trained pharmacists screening patients who present with an opioid prescription, for the risk of opioid misuse and accidental overdose [ 32 , 33 ]. Prior to implementing ONERx, pharmacy staff completed a training program to familiarize themselves with the screening process [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies described the Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONERx) program, which involved trained pharmacists screening patients who present with an opioid prescription, for the risk of opioid misuse and accidental overdose [ 32 , 33 ]. Prior to implementing ONERx, pharmacy staff completed a training program to familiarize themselves with the screening process [ 32 , 33 ]. The screening is completed by each patient before receiving an opioid medication, and upon reviewing the results, pharmacists provide patient-specific education and interventions using a clinical decision-making triage tool [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review

2021

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A variety of new sources describing community pharmacy-based take-home naloxone (THN) programs have emerged recently in the literature. There is a need to define the types of take-home naloxone programs being offered to support future research designs in implementing and evaluating standardized programs that fill pharmacist and patient knowledge gaps and lift current barriers for optimal community pharmacy naloxone provision. The objective of this paper is to summarize the literature on community pharmacy-based THN programs, including specific program interventions used to increase naloxone dispensing, naloxone availability and dispensing patterns, facilitators and barriers for the THN programs, and knowledge gaps. Online databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) and a search of the grey literature were used to identify eligible sources. Sources were screened by two reviewers for eligibility in COVIDENCE software. Both reviewers compared screening results and resolved conflicts through discussion. A data extraction form for all identified full texts was completed by both reviewers and results were compiled through reviewer discussion. Fifty-two sources met the eligibility criteria. The top three barriers identified were: cost/coverage of naloxone, stigma, and education/training for pharmacists. THN program interventions included screening tools, checklists, pocket cards, patient brochures, and utilizing the pharmacy management system to flag eligible patients. Patient knowledge gaps included naloxone misinformation and lack of awareness, while pharmacists demonstrated administrative, clinical, and counselling knowledge gaps. Naloxone availability was found to be highly variable, where independent and rural pharmacies were less likely to stock or dispense naloxone. Further, pharmacies located in districts with higher rates of opioid overdose deaths and lower household income were also less likely to have naloxone available. This review identified multiple new programs, showcasing that the implementation and evaluation of THN programs are an expanding area of research. Future research should focus on implementing and evaluating a THN program through a randomized controlled trial design that incorporates solutions for the barriers and knowledge gaps identified in this study.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review

2021

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“…Additionally, the plan for evaluation should begin while the program is being designed (45). Many readers of Preventing Chronic Disease are familiar with such models as RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) (47), and this model has been used to evaluate the population impact of projects implemented in community pharmacies (48). Such evaluation tools, considered best practices in public health, need to be more frequently implemented in pharmacy interventions (49).…”

Section: More Research Neededmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy Contributions to Improved Population Health: Expanding the Public Health Roundtable

et al. 2020

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“…[53][54][55][56] Larger, collaborative initiatives such as the ONE Rx program in North Dakota offer a promising framework for expanding community pharmacist screening for opioid misuse and potential for overdose, but is still limited by low "reach" (number of patients screened) and "implementation" (number of pharmacies completing at least five screenings) when evaluated under the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) model. 57 A rapidly growing body of research explores the role of pharmacists in naloxone distribution and education across numerous practice settings. 34,[55][56][57][58][59][60] Pharmacist involvement in these programs has ranged (2012), with related inpatient charges increasing to $15 billion.…”

Section: Overdose Education and Naloxone Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…57 A rapidly growing body of research explores the role of pharmacists in naloxone distribution and education across numerous practice settings. 34,[55][56][57][58][59][60] Pharmacist involvement in these programs has ranged (2012), with related inpatient charges increasing to $15 billion. 61 Access to sterile syringes has the potential to curb these increasing rates of preventable illness and expense.…”

Section: Overdose Education and Naloxone Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobilizing pharmacists to address the opioid crisis: A joint opinion of the ambulatory care and adult medicine practice and research networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy

Coon

Hill

Hutchison³

et al. 2020

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

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The opioid crisis represents one of the largest failures of our current health care system as it continues to claim lives at an unprecedented rate and has caused a devastating range of preventable morbidity. Although the availability of highly potent synthetic opioids has amplified the urgency of the crisis for patients and communities, this problem has evolved over several decades. Pharmacists are in a position to offer many potential solutions due to their widespread accessibility, extensive drug knowledge, and integration into various health care settings. This opinion paper challenges the status quo by calling on all pharmacists to embrace evidence‐based opioid stewardship and harm reduction practices, contribute to the medical management of opioid use disorder, and address the misconceptions and prejudices that serve as barriers to effective, compassionate patient care. Regardless of practice setting or available resources, pharmacists can take deliberate and impactful steps to address the opioid crisis. Some pharmacists may be positioned to implement innovative and far‐reaching pharmacist‐led clinical services, while others may simply begin with careful consideration of the language they use when speaking to and about patients with substance use disorders. To optimize patient outcomes, the ineffective laws, regulations, and policies that negatively impact pain and addiction care must be addressed so that evidence‐based solutions can be widely disseminated. Pharmacists must aggressively advocate for the removal of barriers preventing high‐level clinical practice or policies that perpetuate patient harm and abandonment. Finally, there must be support for continued research on pain and opioid use disorder treatments and services, as well as the impacts of harm reduction practices and pharmacist‐led clinical services, so that resources can be allocated effectively.

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Program evaluation of the Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONE Rx) program using the RE-AIM model

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review

What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review

Pharmacy Contributions to Improved Population Health: Expanding the Public Health Roundtable

Mobilizing pharmacists to address the opioid crisis: A joint opinion of the ambulatory care and adult medicine practice and research networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy

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