Programmable Beam-Steering Capabilities Based on Graphene Plasmonic THz MIMO Antenna via Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) for IoT Applications

Khaleel, Sherif A.; Hamad, Ehab K. I.; Parchin, Naser Ojaroudi; Saleh, M.B.

doi:10.3390/electronics12010164

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In recent years, there has been a fast-growing interest in the use of graphene due to its electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties [17][18]. A wide range of applications are using graphene specifically in the 6G wireless communication systems and the terahertz frequency band [19][20]. Practically, graphene could be synthesized in various ways on different substrates.…”

Section: Preparation Of Spray Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of graphene-based fluorine doped tin dioxide thin films via spray pyrolysis technique

Khaleel,

Shaban,

Alsharekh

et al. 2023

Journal of Electrical Engineering

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In this work, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and graphene/fluorine-doped (G-FTO) thin films were prepared using a low-cost spray pyrolysis method at a substrate temperature of 500 °C. For the FTOs, stannous chloride was dissolved in methanol and acetic acid to form the precursor solution. A 0.05 mole (M) of hydrofluoric acid was added to the precursor as an n-type impurity. The FTO thin film has an optical transmittance of 82% and electrical sheet resistance of 15 Ω/□. By meticulously integrating graphene into the optimal precursor solution of FTO, a significant improvement in the electrical conductivity of the prepared samples was achieved, leading to a reduction in the sheet resistance to 8 Ω/□ with a suitable optical transmittance of 79%. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the prepared sample are investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, UV spectroscopy, and four-point probe technique. The best performance of the FTO thin films is achieved utilizing 2.5 µmole/L of fluorine concentration at a substrate temperature of 500°C for a spraying exposer time of 20 min. The prepared sample has an electrical sheet resistance of 15 Ω/□, optical transmittance of 82%, and figure-of-merit of 91.2×10−4 Ω−1.The addition of 0.4 µmole/L of graphene to the optimum FTO samples enhances the performance by a remarkable reduction in the electrical the sheet resistance to 8 Ω/□ and an acceptable reduction in the optical transmittance of 79%. The overall value of the figure-of-merit increased to 118.3×10−4 Ω−1. The achieved results offer a high potential for adopting the prepared films for electronic and optoelectronic applications.

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Section: Preparation Of Spray Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of graphene-based fluorine doped tin dioxide thin films via spray pyrolysis technique

Khaleel,

Shaban,

Alsharekh

et al. 2023

Journal of Electrical Engineering

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“…ne of the reconfigurable antennas that may emit in the desired various directions is the pattern-reconfigurable antenna. Focusing the energy in the direction to goals and minimizing the gain in undesired directions, which is an effective technique to increase the system gain and security [1], [2], [3]. Studies in [4] describe a unique pattern of the reconfigurable planar antenna, which is based on a toploaded monopole antenna supplied by 50 Ω CPW line and PIN diodes are incorporated into the antenna.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Arch-Shaped Dual-Band Antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN Applications

Salah,

Atallah,

Abdelaziz

et al. 2024

AEM

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This paper describes the design and analysis of a reconfigurable radiation pattern dual-band antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN applications. The antenna patch comprises two parts: the upper part, which consists of three symmetrical oval rings, and the lower part, which is shaped like a lotus flower. By controlling the ON and OFF states of lumped p-i-n switches to control the direction of the radiation beams, the proposed pattern reconfigurable antenna achieves three reconfigurable states. The beam's direction change is performed by two switches that are connected in the gap between the feedline and the arch. The proposed antenna operates at 2.4 and 5.5 GHz, covering the bands from 2.1882 to 2.55 GHz and from 5.31 to 5.96 GHz, respectively. Additionally, the directivity over the working bands is about 1.92 to 4 dBi while the gain lies in the range of 1.66 to 3.5 dB. Moreover, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) varies from 1 to 1.20. The size of the antenna is 47×59.5 mm2 which is printed on a 1.6 mm thickness FR-4 substrate of 4.4 relative permittivity. Computer simulation technology Microwave Studio is used to design and study the recommended constructions. The proposed design achieves an acceptable value of VSWR, stable gain, and good directivity, which makes it a suitable choice for future radiation pattern reconfiguration applications. The proposed antenna is distinguished by a simple shape, compact size, respectable return loss, good radiation characteristics, and high efficiency. The obtained results from measurements are quite close to the simulations.

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“…However, at THz frequencies, they become extremely lossy. Material like graphene can be used at THz frequencies to reconfigure the metasurface dynamically by changing its bias voltage [22][23][24]. The reconfigurability is carried out via changing the switching states of the meta-atoms for obtaining a specific code with a certain beam direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beam-steering of THz MIMO Antenna using Graphene-based Intelligent Reflective Surface

Das¹

2023

Preprint

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In this work, beam-steering in THz MIMO antennas has been demonstrated using two different types of graphene-based intelligent reflective surface (IRS). Equivalent circuit models of IRS unit cells have been proposed for demonstrating their reflection characteristics. Two types of microstrip patch-based THz MIMO in side-by-side configuration and orthogonal configuration have been designed. Band-stop FSS has been employed to reduce the mutual coupling of MIMO antennas which are arranged in side-by-side configuration. The MIMO antennas have been integrated with graphene-based IRS for simultaneous steering of four beams radiated by the antenna elements. The reflectivity of the IRS relies on the conductivity of graphene which can be modified by changing its bias voltage. A digital 1-bit coded metasurface has been designed using graphene-based intelligent reflective surface (IRS). By varying the bias voltage on the graphene-based unit cells, the pattern of the digital code is modified on the IRS, which causes beam-steering of MIMO antennas placed above it. Gain improvement of 4 dB takes place when the IRS behaves as an AMC for the MIMO in linear configuration. Maximum gain improvement of 9 dB is obtained for the IRS integrated MIMO in orthogonal configuration. Numerical simulations using finite integration technique have been performed for illustrating the rotation of beam in MIMO antennas.

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Programmable Beam-Steering Capabilities Based on Graphene Plasmonic THz MIMO Antenna via Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) for IoT Applications

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Preparation and characterization of graphene-based fluorine doped tin dioxide thin films via spray pyrolysis technique

Preparation and characterization of graphene-based fluorine doped tin dioxide thin films via spray pyrolysis technique

Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Arch-Shaped Dual-Band Antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN Applications

Beam-steering of THz MIMO Antenna using Graphene-based Intelligent Reflective Surface

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