Programmable Logic Controllers Past Linear Temporal Logic for Monitoring Applications in Industrial Control Systems

Quickening Data-Aware Conformance Checking through Temporal Algebras

“…This is of the uttermost importance, as both humans and machines cooperate in the same environment where a minimal violation of safety requirements might damage the overall production process, thus reflecting in maintenance costs. This calls for logical-based formal methods providing correctness guarantees [18]. Run-time verification [18] and prediction [12] have started gaining momentum against customary static analysis tools: in fact, real complex systems such as factories are often hard to predict and analyse before execution.…”

“…This calls for logical-based formal methods providing correctness guarantees [18]. Run-time verification [18] and prediction [12] have started gaining momentum against customary static analysis tools: in fact, real complex systems such as factories are often hard to predict and analyse before execution. As run-time verification can be deployed as a permanent testing condition on the environment, Mao et al [18] show that this approach is complete, thus reducing the complicated model-checking problem into a simpler conformance checking one.…”

“…Run-time verification [18] and prediction [12] have started gaining momentum against customary static analysis tools: in fact, real complex systems such as factories are often hard to predict and analyse before execution. As run-time verification can be deployed as a permanent testing condition on the environment, Mao et al [18] show that this approach is complete, thus reducing the complicated model-checking problem into a simpler conformance checking one. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS (PLC) are at the heart of this mechanism, where controllers can take decisions over previously-observed events.…”

“…This information is then fed to the internal logic, which, on the other hand, might decide to intervene directly in the environment by sending signals to some actuators (e.g., controlling the pressure Version November 14, 2022 submitted to Information 6 of 69 and temperature on the system). Due to the similarity of PLC to smart contracts, these might also exploit LTL f 4 for determining security requirements: when a safety condition is violated, the PLC might activate an alarm while ensuring the system works within safe operation ranges [18].…”

“…The remaining lemmas, show the correctness of the logical formulation of the derived operators, thus motivating their adoption when possible. These lemmas were also tested in our implementation 18 . The supplementary materials ( §IV) show that it is possible to implement such derived operators so that they are faster than their corresponding LTL f rewriting counterpart.…”