Programmatic Effectiveness of a Pediatric Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Campaign in Navi Mumbai, India

Hoffman, Seth A; LeBoa, Christopher; Date, Kashmira; Haldar, Pradeep; Harvey, Pauline; Shimpi, Rahul; An, Qian; Zhang, Chenhua; Jayaprasad, Niniya; Horng, Lily; Fagerli, Kirsten; Borhade, Priyanka; Chakraborty, Debjit; Bahl, Sunil; Katkar, Arun; Kunwar, Abhishek; Yewale, Vijay; Andrews, Jason R.; Bhatnagar, Pankaj; Luby, Stephen P.

doi:10.1093/cid/ciad132

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Hoffman et al, 2023 [35] Prospective blood culture-based surveillance study was conducted in six hospitals in Navi Mumbai, India. 81 typhoid cases and 238 matched controls were included.…”

Section: Author Study Design and Methods Key Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: A Boon for Endemic Regions

Agarwal,

Gupta,

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Typhoid fever has the highest disease burden in countries in low- and middle-income countries, primarily located in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous typhoid vaccines such as the live attenuated typhoid (Ty21a) vaccine and Vi (virulence) capsular polysaccharide vaccine had the limitation that they could not be administered with other standard childhood immunizations and were ineffective in children under two years of age. To address these shortcomings of the previous vaccines, typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) were developed and prequalified by the World Health Organization. Cross-reacting material and tetanus toxoid are widely used as carrier proteins in TCVs. According to various studies, TCV has higher efficacy, has a more extended protection period, and is safe and immunogenic in infants as young as six months. This review article aims to comprehensively appraise the data available on TCVs’ efficacy, duration of protection, safety, and immunogenicity in endemic regions.

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“…Hoffman et al, 2023 [35] Prospective blood culture-based surveillance study was conducted in six hospitals in Navi Mumbai, India. 81 typhoid cases and 238 matched controls were included.…”

Section: Author Study Design and Methods Key Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: A Boon for Endemic Regions

Agarwal,

Gupta,

et al. 2024

Cureus

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“…This single-dose conjugate vaccine provides immunity against Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, and has been recommended by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts for routine use in countries where typhoid fever is endemic [4,5]. Studies from Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Malawi have shown high efficacy of Vi-TT vaccine in preventing typhoid fever [6][7][8][9][10]. In 2020 a second TCV, Vi-diphtheria toxin (Vi-CRM 197 ) vaccine, was prequalified by WHO and clinical trials are ongoing [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates in Bangladesh: 1999–2021

Sajib,

Tanmoy,

Hooda

et al. 2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Typhoid and paratyphoid remain common bloodstream infections in areas with suboptimal water and sanitation infrastructure. Paratyphoid, caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A, is less prevalent than typhoid and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends are less documented. Empirical treatment for paratyphoid is commonly based on the knowledge of susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid. Hence, with rising drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi, last-line antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin are prescribed for both typhoid and paratyphoid. However, unlike for typhoid, there is no vaccine to prevent paratyphoid. Here, we report 23-year AMR trends of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Bangladesh. Methods From 1999 to 2021, we conducted enteric fever surveillance in two major pediatric hospitals and three clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Blood cultures were performed at the discretion of the treating physicians; cases were confirmed by culture, serological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined following CLSI guidelines. Results Over 23 years, we identified 2,725 blood culture-confirmed paratyphoid cases. Over 97% of the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, and no isolate was resistant to all three. No resistance to ceftriaxone was recorded, and >99% of the isolates were sensitive to azithromycin. A slight increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is noticed for ceftriaxone but the current average MIC is 32-fold lower than the resistance cut-off. Over 99% of the isolates exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions Salmonella Paratyphi A has remained susceptible to most antibiotics, unlike Salmonella Typhi, despite widespread usage of many antibiotics in Bangladesh. The data can guide evidence-based policy decisions for empirical treatment of paratyphoid fever, especially in the post typhoid vaccine era, and with the availability of new paratyphoid diagnostics.

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“…In addition, effectiveness studies from Pakistan and India showed high levels of protection from a single dose of TCV, including against XDR S. Typhi. 23 , 24 As typhoid endemic countries begin to incorporate TCV into their national immunization programs, studies that report longitudinal incidence data – such as this one from Ng’eno et al. – will be essential to understand the impact of vaccination on typhoid incidence and S. Typhi resistance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%